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ANTH 1500 > Notions of Time > Flashcards

Notions of Time Flashcards

1
Q

James Ussher

A

In 1650 determined that the earth was created on the nightfall before Sunday 23 of October, 4004 BC based on a literal reading of the bible

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2
Q

1600-1700s

A

Realization of vast scales of space allowed for acceptance of vast scales of time

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3
Q

James Hutton

A

1795, Theory of the Earth, formation of sedimentary rock suggested great antiquity of earth, principle of uniformitarianism

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4
Q

Principle of Uniformitarianism

A

The laws of nature are constant, the speed of light and gravity do not change with time, the rate of sedimentation in oceans is very slow but due to the enormous depth of deposition, the world must be very old

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5
Q

Charles Lyell

A

1830, Principles of Geology, documented antiquity of the earth with work on erosion, principle of superposition

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6
Q

Principle of Superposition

A

In any undisturbed sequence of layers, the bottom layer is the oldest

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7
Q

Charles Darwin

A

1859, Origin of the Species, natural selection, discussed gradual evolutionary change in plants and animals but not humans for fear of public outcry

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8
Q

Jacques Boucher de Perthes

A

1847, stone tools recovered with extinct animals in Somme River Valley, France

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9
Q

John Lubbock

A

1865, Prehistoric Times, coined the term “neolithic,” applied Darwinian concepts to the archaeological record, saw moral and technological progress as inevitable and unilinear

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10
Q

19th century view of social evolution

A

Progress results in increasing intelligence, beauty and goodness and is inevitable

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11
Q

Savages

A

Starving, ignorant, superstitious, violent

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12
Q

Barbarians

A

Less starving, ignorant, superstitious and violent

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13
Q

Civilized

A

Orderly, moral, wealthy, sophisticated, reasonable

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14
Q

Processual archaeology

A

Evolutionary and scientific perspective, seeks universal laws of social change, sees societies as systems with environment and technology as most significant variables

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15
Q

Post-processual archaeology

A

Part of general trends towards postmoderism, often more particular and less universal in scope, explicit recognition of political context of archaeology, focus on the role of individuals not systems in the past

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16
Q

Dating methods

A

Absolute dating and relative dating

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17
Q

Three Age System

A

Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age, arbitrary technological labels, not used in the Americas

18
Q

BC

A

Before Christ

19
Q

AD

A

Anno Domini

20
Q

BCE

A

Before Common Era (equivalent to BC)

21
Q

CE

A

Common Era (equivalent to AD)

22
Q

BP

A

Before Present, present=1950

23
Q

mya/ma

A

Million years ago

24
Q

kya/ka

A

Thousand years ago

25
Q

Relative dating

A

provides a sequence, but not the pace of change. Often used in conjunction with absolute dating

26
Q

Potassium-Argon dating

A

Requires volcanic layers, measures 40K and 40 Ar, measures a range of 100,000 to more than 5 mya, can provide a date bracket for non-volcanic sediments

27
Q

Thomas Huxley

A

1863, Man’s Place in Nature, similarities between human and ape skeletons led to the now defunct concept of the “missing link”

28
Q

Lower Paleolithic

A

ca. 1.9 mya to ca. 0.2 mya (200 kya)

29
Q

Middle Paleolithic

A

ca. 200 kya to ca. 40 kya

30
Q

Upper Paleolithic

A

ca. 40 kya to ca. 10 kya

31
Q

ca.

A

circa, about/approximately

32
Q

Ardipithicus ramidus

A

Facultative bipedalism with arboreal adaptations, small brain, decreased sexual dimorphism, divergent big toe

33
Q

“Ardi”

A

Ardipithicus ramidus; Aramis, Ethiopia, most complete early hominin, announced in 2009 by Tim White, dates to 4.4 mya

34
Q

Australopithecus afarensis

A

Bipedal, small cranial capacity similar to chimps, long arms relative to legs, pronounced sexual dimorphism

35
Q

“Lucy”

A

Australopithecus afarensis; Hadar, Ethiopia, most complete A. afarensis discovered by Donald Johanson, dates to ca. 3 mya

36
Q

Laetoli Footprints

A

Australopithecus afarensis; Tanzania, discovered in 1976 by Mary Leakey, clear evidence of bipedalism, dates to 3.8-3.5 mya

37
Q

Australopithecus africanus

A

Similar to A. afarensis, but with a bigger brain and a few other traits more similar to modern humans, 3-1.8 mya

38
Q

Taung child

A

Australopithecus africanus; South Africa, discovered by Raymond Dart in 1924, determined to be non-ape due to cranial capacity and position of foramen magnum, 2.8 mya

39
Q

Homo habilis

A

First stone tool maker, 2.5-1.6 mya, studied intensively by the Leakeys in Olduvai Gorge, Rift Valley, Tanzania; Oldowan tool industry

40
Q

Oldowan tool industry

A

Associated with Homo habilis, tools very slow to change with little regional variation, very simple and casual, used frequently for butchery and marrow extraction

ANTH 1500 (11 decks)

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