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PHL 5 > Notions of Morality > Flashcards

Notions of Morality Flashcards

1
Q

the theory of duty or moral obligation

A

DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS or ETHICS OF DUTY

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2
Q

“What one is compelled to do by reason of duty”

A

DEONTOLOGICAL ETHICS or ETHICS OF DUTY

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3
Q

The most famous deontological theory was advanced by thisGerman philosopher

A

Immanuel Kant

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4
Q

insists that HOW people accomplish their goals

is usually more important than WHAT people accomplish.

A

deontology

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5
Q

, a philosophy

famous for its claim that THE ENDS JUSTIFY THE MEANS

A

CONSEQUENTIALISM

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6
Q

claimed that various actions are morally wrong
if they are inconsistent with the status of a person
as a free and rational being,

and that, conversely, acts that further the status of people as free and rational beings are morally right.

A

Immanuel Kant

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7
Q

One of the most important implications of deontology

A 
Behavior X even if OUTCOME (+)
ACT is (+) even if OUTCOME (-)
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8
Q

Denotes an absolute, unconditional requirement
that exerts its authority in all circumstances
“It is wrong to commit murder”

A

CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

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9
Q

CHARACTERISTICS

of deontology

A

UNIVERSAL
RATIONAL
CATEGORICAL

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10
Q

PRINCIPLES OF THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE

A

universal law
treat humanity
law-making member

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11
Q

any proposition
that declares a certain action or inaction
to be necessary.

A

IMPERATIVE

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12
Q

This leaves one with the choice between maliciously exploiting the other person or being “moral” and offering oneself up as the sacrificial victim.

A

ALTRUISM

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13
Q

is the belief that VALUE

is a non-relational characteristic of an object.

A

INTRINSICISM

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14
Q

Compels action in a given circumstance

“If I wish to satisfy my thirst, then I must drink something”

A

HYPOTHETICAL IMPERATIVE

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15
Q

is a code of ethics
which holds the welfare of others
as the standard of “good”
and self-sacrifice as the only moral action.

A

ALTRUISM

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16
Q

This means that an object can be valuable or not,
good or bad,
without reference to who it is good or bad for,
and without reference to the reason it is good or bad.

A

INTRINSICISM

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17
Q

The belief that values are subjective.

A

SUBJECTIVISM

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18
Q

The concept of value requires a purpose and a beneficiary.

A

COLLECTIVISM

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19
Q

It requires answers to the questions

“Value to whom?” and “Value for what?”

A

COLLECTIVISM

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20
Q

The idea that our moral opinions are based on our feelings, and nothing more.

A

SUBJECTIVISM

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21
Q

There is no right or wrong, only expressions of our feelings.

A

SUBJECTIVISM

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22
Q

says value to the collective,
whether that is society, tribe, family, nation, race, sex,
or any other group or category one “belongs” to.

The standard of good is that which benefits the group

A

COLLECTIVISM

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23
Q

the moral principle which advocates that the use of force is wrong for any reason.

A

PACIFISM

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24
Q

Expresses renewed confidence in the power of man
to respond positively to his own problems
and so discover new things for himself

A

HUMANISM

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25
Q

This applies to both the initiation of force, as well as defensive or retaliatory force.

A

PACIFISM

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26
Q

holds that you should not defend yourself.
holds that you should not retrieve your property.
holds that nothing should be done about it.

A

PACIFISM

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27
Q

entails a commitment to the search for truth and morality

through human means in support of human interests.

A

HUMANISM

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28
Q

In focusing on the capacity for self-determination, this rejects dependence on faith,
the supernatural or divinely revealed texts

A

HUMANISM

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29
Q

Expresses man’s freedom to express himself without repression of any kind.

A

ANARCHISM

30
Q

Freedom is the highest attainment of a humanity

A

ANARCHISM

31
Q

is centered on rejection of any form

of compulsory government and supporting its elimination

A

ANARCHISM

32
Q

derived from the Greek word αναρχια “without archons” or “without rulers“

A

ANARCHISM

33
Q

Emphasizing action, freedom, and decision as fundamental existentialism is opposed to rationalism and positivism. i.e.,
argues against definitions of human beings as primarily rational.

A

EXISTENTIALISM

34
Q

Life is essentially meaningful

A

Essentialism

35
Q

Life is not essentially meaningful; but, it is, or can be, existentially meaningful.

A

Existentialism

36
Q

asserts that people actually make decisions based on what has meaning to them rather than what is rational.

A

Existentialism

37
Q

Comes from the Greek word eudaimonia which means happiness

A

EUDAIMONISM

38
Q

A system of ethics that evaluates actions in terms of their capacity to produce happiness.

A

EUDAIMONISM

39
Q

Refers to any conception of ethics that puts human happiness and the complete life of the individual at the center of ethical concern.

A

EUDAIMONISM

40
Q

the ethical doctrine which believes that the moral worth of an action is solely determined by its contribution to overall utility.

A

UTILITARIANISM

41
Q

the meaning of concepts is to be sought in their practical bearings

A

PRAGMATISM

42
Q

the function of thought is to guide action

truth is preeminently to be tested by the practical consequences of belief

A

PRAGMATISM

43
Q

is concerned with results not with usefulness

A

Pragmatism

44
Q

concerned with usefulness not with results

A

Utilitarianism

45
Q

theory, especially in ethics or aesthetics, that conceptions of truth and moral values are not absolute but are relative to the persons or groups holding them.

A

Relativism

46
Q

There is no objective “truth” in morality. Right and wrong are only matters of opinion, and opinions vary from culture to culture

A

Cultural Relativism

47
Q

Happiness is achieved through the development of “good habits”

A

Virtue Ethics

48
Q

We ought to strive to develop a “good” character. Seeks to develop individual character. A good person will make a good decision

A

Virtue Ethics

49
Q

neither excess nor deficiency.

A

Golden Mean

50
Q

Focuses on the pursuit of self-interest in human conduct.

A

Ethical Egoism

51
Q

Each person ought to do whatever will best promote his or her own interests.

A

Ethical Egoism

52
Q

What brings pleasure to an individual is good

A

Hedonism

53
Q

is the claim that all and only pleasure has worth or value, and all and only pain has disvalue

A

Hedonism

54
Q

Everything is caused and determined (even human actions and choices) by previously existing causes that preclude free will and the possibility that humans could have acted otherwise.

A

Determinism

55
Q

-“what will be will be”

A

Fatalism

56
Q

the universe (both physical and moral) is governed by fate

A

Stoicism

57
Q

Morality and religion go together

A

Theonomous Ethics

58
Q

Being good is doing whatever a sacred text tells you

A

Divine Command

59
Q

Looking at the person of Christ as the norm of all thought and action.

A

Christian Ethics

60
Q

“Demand not that events should happen as you wish, but wish them to happen as they do happen, and you will go on well.” (Epictetus)

A

Determinism

61
Q

Might is right

A

Relativism
Hedonism / Egoism
Collectivism
utlitarianism

62
Q

Morals are mores

A

Cultural Relativism

63
Q

The individual is the measure

A

Relativism / Subjectivism
Egoism
Humanism

64
Q

The human Race is the basis of right

A

Humanism

65
Q

Right is moderation

A

Aristotle’s “Golden Mean” or the Virtue of Ethics

66
Q

Right is what brings pleasure

A

Hedonism ; Egoism

67
Q

Right is the greatest good for the greater number

A

Utilitarianism; Collectivism

68
Q

Right is what is desirable for it’s own sake

A

Deontological Ethics

Altruism

69
Q

Right is indefinable

A

Ethical Relativism
Subjectivism
Determinism

70
Q

Right is what God wills

A

Theonomous Ethics

PHL 5 (10 decks)

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