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VPH > Notifiable diseases > Flashcards

Notifiable diseases Flashcards

1
Q

What are notifiable diseases?

A

Diseases you are legally obliged to report to APHA even if you only suspect an animal may be affected

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2
Q

What must you do if you suspect a NFD in fish or shellfish?

A

Inform the fish health inspectorate

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3
Q

Who do you call if you suspect a NFD in bees?

A

-Regional bee inspector or NBU

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4
Q

What are the OIE listed diseases?

A

They are international NFDs, they put in place trade restrictions so the disease can’t be transmitted to other countries. These tend to be diseases that are not endemic to the country i.e. you don’t report every single thing to them.

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5
Q

What is the WHO approach to NFDs?

A

They want to deal with international disease

No list instead an algorithm SO youu cann report a suspected new disease e.g Zika

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6
Q

Describe FMDV

A
  • Apthavirus (picornavirus)
  • Survives well in environment, very small can travel on wind
  • Transmitted by fomites easily
  • Infects ruminants/ pigs
  • Easily missed in pigs as tends to just cause lameness but they shed lots.
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7
Q

What sequence of events will occur if you suspect FMDV?

A
  • Ring APHA
  • Discuss suspicion with the duty VO.
  • If FMDV can’t be ruled out then they will visit the farm
  • If they can’t rule it out on their visit they will take samples and declare farm a suspect premises.
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8
Q

What occurs at suspect premises?

A
  • Put up warning signs
  • Record animals
  • Isolate animals
  • Prevent movement of animals
  • Disinfection points at entrance/ exits
  • Rodent control
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9
Q

If FMDV is then confirmed what events take place?

A
  • Formal conformation by CVO who informs OIE and EC (european commision)
    -UK loses FMDV free status causing exports of cattle to stop
    -Zones put in place (protection3km, surveillance, 10kn and restricted movement ban across GB)
  • At the IP:
    Suspected animals culled
    -Carcasses disposed of (removed in leak proof lorries)
  • Prelim disinfection of farm
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10
Q

How are the carcasses of animals with NFDs disposed of?

A
  • Taken from farm in leak proof lorries and disposed of by commercial incineration, rendering of licenses commercial landfill
  • Pyres not commonly used now
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11
Q

What are contact premises?

A

Premises identified as where the infection may have come from or spread to
-Level of risk is assessed and can either be deemed high risk and have animals culled or low risk and be monitored closely

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12
Q

What strains of mycobacterium can infect badgers?

A

M. bovis and M. microti

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13
Q

What is the host reservoir for M.microti?

A

Field voles (commonly infects cats)

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14
Q

Describe how bTB is spread

A

-In most cases it is badger to badger but in some endemic areas it is mostly badger to cattle spread

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15
Q

Describe M.bovis as a pathogen

A
  • Can survive for weeks in the environment but unclear how this links with the transmission of the bacteria.
  • Control: test, biosecutiry, culling, vaccination
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16
Q

Describe the test used for M.bovis

A
  • Single and comparative skin tests: SICCT, clip hair from 2 sites, avian in top bovine in bottom, measure skin thickness, measure again 72 hours later, Type 4 hypersensitivity
  • Gamma interferon tests
  • PM exam and culture
17
Q

Describe TB infections in camelids/ deer

A
  • Normally more enteric than pulmonary

- Dangerous as camelids could spit TB into your face making humans at risk

18
Q

How often do cattle farms have TB tests?

A
  • In high risk areas: annually
  • Low risk: every 4 years
  • Edges: every 6 months (sometimes annually)
19
Q

What happens to carcasses of SICCT positive cattle?

A
  • DEFRA pay farmer compensation and take carcass to specific abattoirs
  • If only a few lesions found locally in LN then LN and viscera removed rest of carcass is ok
20
Q

Describe rabies

A
  • Lyssavirus, many different strains
  • Vac protects you from Phylogroup 1 but not the others
  • 2 types: urban and sylvatic
21
Q

What is urban rabies?

A

Reservoir host is the dog, occurs in Asia, Africa, S. America

(Sylvatic: wild animals e.g. fox, Europe, africa, north/ south america)

22
Q

Describe control methods for rabies

A
  • Putting vaccine out in bait in Europe to help prevent it spreading through fox population (live recombinant)
  • Surveillance
  • Biosecurity
  • Culling
23
Q

What is European Bat Lyssavirus?

A
  • Indistinguishable clinically from rabies, caused by genotype 1
  • EBLV-1 and EBLV-2
  • ELBV-2 can infect cats/ dogs
24
Q

Describe avian influenza

A
  • RNA virus: point mutations and genetic reassortment
  • Drift/ shift
  • Most avian strains not zoonotic but some are
  • Subtype H5/ H7
  • All birds on IP culled, PZ and SZ implemented
25
Q

Describe Bluetonguee

A
  • Affects all ruminants

- Spread by midges

26
Q

Why isn’t Schmallenberg virus notifiable?

A

Can’t so much about it so cost of making it notifiable isn’t practical

27
Q

Describe anthrax

A
  • Bacillus anthracis
  • Rod shaped, gram positive
  • Spores very resistant in environment
  • Infects wide range of species (mostly ruminants but also pigs, horses, birds)
28
Q

What are the clinical signs of anthrax in horses?

A 
Fever
Chills
Depression
Colic
Bloody diarrhoea
29
Q

What are the clinical signs of anthrax in cattle?

A
  • Sudden death
  • Staggering
  • Difficulty breathing
  • Fever
  • Abortion
  • Bloody discharge from mouth, anus, nose
30
Q

What is cutaneous anthrax?

A
  • Commonly infects people that handle hides when a spore enters a break in the skin
  • Causes local welling
  • Antibiotics decrease chance of it becoming systemic
31
Q

What is gastrointestinal anthrax?

A
  • Caused by ingesting contaminated meats/ water

- smyptoms: vomiting blood, nausea, abdominal pain

32
Q

What types of anthrax can you get?

A
  • Pulmonary
  • Cutaneous
  • GI
  • Inhaled
33
Q

What should you do if you suspect anthrax?

A
  • Immediately inform APHA
  • Do not open carcasses
  • Movement of animals, waste, feed, bedding from affects/ adjacent premises prohibited
  • PPE form personnel and sporicidal disinfectant
  • Formalin fumigation
  • Immediate disposal (incineration) of carcasses, bedding, feed
  • Ensure scavenger animals cannot access
34
Q

What species are associated with Hep E infections?

A
  • Pigs and rats

- In the UK related to middle aged males who eat sausages

35
Q

What zoonotic disease causes the most frequent GI infections in the UK?

A

Campylobacter: mainly by infected chicken

36
Q

What infection do you relate VTEC too?

A

Strain of E.coli shed by recently weaned calves

37
Q

What causes Hydatidosis?

A

Echinococcus granulosus

38
Q

What causes fishermans finger?

A

Atypical TB, M. marinum

VPH (21 decks)

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