Notifiable Diseases Flashcards
What is a notifiable disease?
- A disease which is named in the section 88 of the Animal Health Act 1981
- In an order made under the Animal Health Act 1981
What different orders can be made under the Animal Health Act to make a disease notifiable?
- Orders related to a single disease- FMD
- Orders related to a species- Infectious diseases of Horses
- Orders related to a specific list- specified diseases 1992
What is the aim of notifiable diseases?
- To prevent the introduction of specified diseases into Great Britain- exotic
- To eradicate, control or prevent the spread of specified diseases of economic, animal health, animal welfare or public health importance- endemic
Why make a disease notifiable?
Public health significance- BTB, anthrax
Economic impact on the agricultural industry- FMD
International trade impact
Animal welfare impact- FMD, Rabies
What is the purpose of notifiable diseases?
- To collect information
- To confirm absence
- To detect quickly
- To control as part of compulsory disease control programme by the state
- To facilitate international trade
- To prevent risks to the public
What is an example of making a disease notifiable to collect information?
Aujeszky’s disease
Blue eared pig disease
What are examples of diseases that are notifable to confirm absence?
Blue tongue- affects ruminants, spread by culicoides
Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
What is an example of a disease that is notifiable to be detected quickly?
Foot and mouth disease
What disease is notifiable to be controlled as part of the compulsory disease control programme?
Avian influenza
Why are notifiable diseases used for faclitate international trade?
Once a notifiable disease is identified and declared many countried will refuse to accept animals/products
Confirmation of freedom from notifiable diseases is often required
Transparency- mutual trust
What notifable diseases are zoonoses?
- Anthrax
- Avian influenza
- BSE
- Brucella abortus
- Brucells melitensis
- Echinococcus multilocularis
- Equine viral encephalomyelitis
- Glanders and farcy
- Newcastle disease
- Rabies
- Tuberculosis (bovine)
- West nile virus
What endemic diseases are notifiable in cattle?
Tuberculosis
Anthrax
BSE
What exotic diseases are notifiable in cattle?
- FMD
- Rabies
- Rinderpest
- CBPP
- Brucella abortus
- Warble fly- scotland
- Enzootic bovine leukosis
- Bluetongue
- Rift valley fever
- Vesicular stomatitis
- Lumpy skin disease
What endemic diseases are notifiable in sheep?
Anthrax
Scrapie
Sheep scap- scotland
What notifiable diseases of sheep are exotic?
- Brucells melitensis
- Bluetongue
- Contagious agalactica
- Contagious epididymitis
- FMD
- Peste des petits ruminants
- Rabies
- Rift valley fever
- Sheep and goat pox
BBC FRS
What endemic disease is notifiable in pigs?
Anthrax
What notifiable diseases are notifiable in pigs that are exotic?
- African swine fever
- Aujeszky’s disease
- Classical swine fever
- FMD
Rabies - Swine vesicular disease
- Teschen
- Vesicular stomaitis
- Porcine epidemic diarrhoea
What diseases are notifiable in poultry?
Newcastle disease
Avian Influenza- Low path, High path
Pigeon paramyxovirus
Which disease are notifiable in horses?
African horse sickness
Contagious equine metritis
Dourine
Epizootic lymphangitis
Equine infectious anaemia
Equine viral arteritis
Equine viral encephalomyelitis
Glanders and farcy
Rabies
Vesicular stomatitis
West nile fever
What diseases are notifiable in Deer?
Tuberculosis
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease
Rabies
Warble fly
Anthrax
FMD
Chronic wasting disease
What factors are critical for success of controling notifiable diseases?
- Knowledge of the epidemiology and ecology of the organism
- Means of identifying infected animals
- Ability to eliminate the pathogen once identified
- Ability to stop reintroduction of the pathogen onto premises
- Cooperation of all sectors of the industry
- Financial resources
- Infastructure
Why is lameness in dairy cows not notifiable?
- Multifactorial; definitive diagnosis difficult, so confirming eradication would be impossible
- There is no international agreement on diagnostic criteria
- Very prevalent, costs excessive
- Not zoonotic
What factors affect the control measures decided on for notifiable diseases?
Is a reduction of complete elimination of an organism wanted?
Cost of applying legal requirments of disease control must be reasonable
What is required to control a notifiable disease?
Minimise contact- movement controls, farm, protection and surveillance zones, slaughter, whole herd slaughter, biosecturity
Vaccination
Treatment
Where do you report notifiable diseases in England, Wales and Scotland?
England- report to APHA on the DEFRA rural services helpline
Wales- 0300 303 8268
Scotland- contact the local field services office
What should you do other then report the disease?
Notify the duty vet at the nearest APHA office
Be sure you have a record of the phone number: in some cases, there are different numbers for office hours
Stay on the farm- don’t spread the disease
Have clear information ready as you make your call
What happens during a on-farm investigation after a notifiable disease is reported?
- Put through to the duty veterinary officer
- An APHA vet will serve legal restrictions- verbally and then in writing
- Legal restrictions may be put on over the phone
- Full investivation will follow
- If disease cannot be ruled out, samples will be taken
- Make sure that your own biosecurity arrangments prevent disease spread
What is a consultation case?
A formal restriction notice is not served
- The field vet is consulting with the private vet to see if there are grounds for suspicion
- Once suspicion is gathered the investigation becomes a report case
What is done when a notifiable disease is suspected and then confirmed?
Suspected
Samples taken- bloods, swabs, tissue
Disease confirmed
UK CVO confirms disease:
- Zones are legally defined and put into effect
- These zones help prevent the spread of disease, largely by stopping movement of animals and animal products
- Original premises are also restricted
- Movements are only allowed under licences issued by APHA
What are the UKs national obligations and international obligations after an notifiable disease is confirmed?
National- local authorities
Internation- OIE
What is a reportable disease in animals?
Diseases that have a statutory requirement to report labrotory confirmed isolation of organisms
What diseases are reportable?
Genera:
Salmonella
Brucella
Trichinella
Mycobacterium
Coxiella
Severe actute respiratory coronavirus syndrome 2- SARS-CoV-2
What does the zoonoses order 1989 present?
Designates- salmonella and brucella
Applies to- any kind of mammal, any four footed beast, bird
Gives power to- take samples, declare infected places, require cleansing and disinfection
What 5 diseases are notifiable on clinical suspicion or labrotory detection?
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
Ebola
Glanders
Surra
Batrachyochytrium salamandrivorans
What 9 diseases must be reported in deteciton at the place of analysis?
- Bovine virus disease
- Bovine genital campylobacteriosis
- Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus
- Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis/infectious pustular vulvovaginitis
- Paratuberculosis
- Trichomoniasis
- Avian mycoplasmosis
- Avian chlamydiosis
- Q fever
