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Community Health Final Exam > Note Cards > Flashcards

Note Cards Flashcards

1
Q

Care Management

KNOW THIS!!!

A

Coordination of a plan or process to bring health services together as a comomon whole in a cost-effective way.

  • How to define & evaluate the health intervention & appropriateness of care (predictive modeling & data analaysis to target specific disease management areas more precisely)
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2
Q

Case Management

KNOW THIS!!!!!

A

“Building block of care management” development & coordination of care for a selected client and family

  • emphasizes prevention at the secondary & tertiary level
  • Emphasis on the use of telephone coaching, internet resources, & intensive patient & family teaching to advance self-care & adherence to wellness care.
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3
Q

Medicare Criteria

KNOW THESE

A
  • Homebound: must require “taxing effort” to leave home & how infrequent
  • Plan of Care: Generated written document guided by lengthy assessment - sociodemographic, environmental, functional health, & personal support days with renewals if needed
  • Skilled Needs: What professional vs. are needed, skilled nurses vs. non-skilled nursing needs
  • Intermittent Care Needs: Skilled care is provided over several hours during the day or week. Medicare requires to be 60
  • Necessity: Reasonable care based on acuity
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4
Q

Health Professional Shortage Area (HPSA)

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A

Geographic area, population group, or medical facility with shortages of healthcare professionals that may not allow a full complement of healthcare services.

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5
Q

Medically Underserved Area (MUA)

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A

Area that is determined htrough calculation of a ratio of primary medical care physicians (PCPs) per 1,000 population, infant mortality rate, percentage of the population with incomes below the poverty level, & percentage of the population aged 65 or older”.

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6
Q

Medically Underserved Population

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

A U.S. federal designation for those populations that face economic barriers (low-income or Medicaid-eligible populations) or cultural and/or linguistic access barriers to primary medical care services.

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7
Q

Advocacy

A

Always moving the needs of paitents, families, & communities to a point of awareness that will advance change & increase quality of a life & experience

* in case management is significant

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8
Q

Tricare

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

U.S. Government Health Insurance plan for all military personnel & dependents

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9
Q

Veteran Administration (VA)

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Federal funds for those who are currently serving or have served in the armed services of the United States.

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10
Q

Home Healthcare Services

Know the 3 types

A
  • Reimbursed by local, state, & federal funds
  • Private insurance
  • Private individuals
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11
Q

Insurance Companies, HMOs, & Case Management Organizations

A

From money paid directly to them in monthly or annual increments for the purpose of giving home healthcare when & if they are needed.

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12
Q

What are the 5 phases to home visits?

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

1.) Initiating the visit

2.) Preparation

3.) The actual visit

4.) Termination of the visit

5.) Post-visit planning

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13
Q

High Risk Health Disparities

List actual groups that are at higher risk of health disparities

A
  • High-risk mothers
  • Chronically ill & disabled individuals
  • People living with HIV / AIDS
  • Mentally ill individuals
  • Substance abusers
  • Homeless individuals
  • Immigrants & refugees
  • Rural / migrant population
  • LGBTQIA+
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14
Q

Medically Underserved

A
  • Subgroup of the population
  • Higher risk of developing health problems

Greater exposure to health risk because of marginalization:
* sociocultural status
* access to economic resources
* age
* gender
* homelessness
* veterans

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15
Q

Types of disasters

A
  • Natural
  • Accidental
  • Terrorism
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16
Q

Cycles of Disasters

Know these steps

A

1.) Pre-impact
2.) Impact
3.) Post-impact

All disaster response begins at a LOCAL level

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17
Q

Disaster Management Cycle

Know & understand each of the steps

A

1.) Preparedness
* identify all hazards
* proactive planning
* evaluate possible damage

2.) Mitigation
* take measures to limit damage, disability, & loss of life

3.) Response
* implementation of a disaster plan
* provide emergency care
* restore communication & transportation

4.) Recovery
* stabilization & return to normal status

5.) Evaluation
* learn from the past & prepare for the future

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18
Q

Risk Assessment

A

Helps with prevention through better surveillance

  • Improving inspections
  • Airport security
  • Strengthening public health, etc.
  • Immunizations, isolation, & quaritine
  • Strengthening levees / barriers to prevent flooding
  • Education on prevention of communicable disease transmission
  • Assess community’s threats / vulnerabilties & a community’s capabilities & demographics (who is most at risk?)
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19
Q

Category A

KNOW THE EXAMPLES & WHO IS AT RISK

A

Risk to national security

  • easily disseminated
  • high mortality
  • major impact
  • public panic

EX: Small pox, anthrax, botulism, tularemia, ebola, the plague

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20
Q

Category B

KNOW THE EXAMPLES & WHO IS AT RISK

A

Second highest priority

  • moderately easy to disseminate
  • high morbidity, low mortality

EX: typhus fever, ricin, west nile virus

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21
Q

Category C

KNOW THE EXAMPLES & WHO IS AT RISK

A

Third highest priority

  • emerging pathogens
  • easy to produce

EX: hantavirus, influenza, TB, rabies

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22
Q

Point of Distribution (POD)

A

a centralized, local area where public can obtain emergency supplies

  • staffing, & procedures are followed in set up & deactivation
23
Q

What do occupational nursing assessments start with?

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

Occupational Nursing Assessment begins with an assessment of both the worker & the workplace

24
Q

Bioavailability

A

The amount of a contaminant that actually ends up in the systemic circulation.

25
Q

Risk

KNOW THIS!!!!

A

hazard + exposure

  • presence of hazard alone does NOT determine the amount of risk
26
Q

Biological Agent

Know what it is & examples

A

Living organism that invades a host, causing disease

EX: bleach, aerosols, exhaust, cleaning products

27
Q

Physical Agent

Know what it is & examples

A

Factor in the envrionment capable of causing disease in a host

  • EX: noise, cold, heat, electric, magnetic, lighting, vibrations, falls, fires, inhalations, machinery

for noise think environment

28
Q

Psychosocial Agent

Know the examples

A
  • sexual harassment
  • emotional abuse
  • interpersonal problems
  • assaults
29
Q

School Nursing

Explain what it is guided by

A
  • Michigan School Code (legislates what must be done)
  • Michigan Public Health Code (legislates how medical professions may practice in Michigan)

Michigan does not have a separate Nurse Practice Act

30
Q

Ratio of students for every nurse

Know these ratios!!!!

A

State task force recommended a ratio of: 1 RN : 750 students

National Association of School Nurses shows MI’s student-to-nurse ratio = 1:4 (nearly six times higher)
* 1 RN : 204 students

31
Q

OSHA
Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Know the year & what they do

A

the federal agency that set exposure standards & is responsible for enforcement of safety & health legislation

  • 1970
  • Employers must “furnish a place of employment free from recognized hazards that are causing or likely to cause death or serious physical harm to employees”
32
Q

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

A

Wide-ranging federal legislation enacted in 1990 intended to make American society more accessible to people with disabilities

33
Q

Veteran Health Risks

A
  • TBI
  • Noise
  • Radiation
  • Cold injuries
  • Amputation
  • Occupational hazard exposure
  • PTSD
  • MST (military sexual trauma) - 1/3 women & 1/50 men
  • Polytrauma
  • Chronic pain
  • SUD (substance use disorder)
  • Suicide
34
Q

SANE Nursing

A

Sexual Assault Nurse Examiner – assist victims of sexual assault

  • cultural / developmental differences
  • trauma training
  • documents detailed physical examination findings
  • collects forensic evidence
  • testifies as an expert witness
  • makes referrals
  • pregnancy risk assessment & interception as needed
  • Often employed by ER & community clinics
35
Q

Competency of Occupational Nursing

A

1.) Competent
2.) Proficient
3.) Expert

36
Q

Occupational Nursing - Competent

A

Sufficient experience to recognize issues & funciton as a clinician, coordinator, & case manager

  • relies on checklists & protocols
37
Q

Occupational Nursing - Proficient

A

Increased ability to perceive situations & recognize when protocols need to be adjusted to meet the needs of the situation

38
Q

Occupational Nursing - Expert

A

Extensive experience, broad knowledge, grasps situations quickly & initiates action

  • leadership roles
39
Q

Epidemiologic Triad

KNOW THIS!!!!!!!!!!!

A
  • Host
  • Agent
  • Environment
40
Q

Exposure Pathway

A
  • Source of contamination
  • Enviornmental media & transport
  • Point of exposure
  • Route of exposure
  • Receptor population
41
Q

Environmental Protections

A

Clean Air Act (CAA) 1907 - passed to control the damaging affects of air pollution by regulating source

Clean Water Act 1972 - standards, tools, & financial assistance to address poor water quality

Superfund 1980 - enviornmental program that addresses abandoned hazardous waste sites

42
Q

Lead

Normal range; location; & S/S

A

< 5 ug is normal range

  • found in paint, dust, soil
  • Routine screenings for children

Signs & Symptoms
* Slow growth
* Hyperactivity
* Hearing problems
* Headache

43
Q

Mercury

Where is it found, who is at risk, & S/S

A
  • found in thermometers, batteries, burning coal, & fish
  • Pregnant women are at risk

Signs & Symptoms:
* harm to the brain, heart, & kidneys
* passed through the placenta
* blindness
* seizures
* retardation

44
Q

Radon

What is it? Where is it found? What does it cause? S/S

A
  • type of radioactive gas
  • found in decaying uranium & soils
  • # 1 cause of lungn cancer (behind smoking)
  • Detectors in basements

Signs & Symptoms:
* Lung damage / cancer

45
Q

PFAS (Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances)

Where is it found & S/S

A
  • found in firefighting foams, consumer products like stain resistant & water proof products

Signs & Symptoms:
* Liver, thyroid, pancrease, & hormone effects

46
Q

Asbestos

Where is it found? S/S

A
  • Found in roofing shingles, ceiling tiles, floor tiles, paper, cement, heat-resistant products, installation, & packaging

Signs & Symptoms:
* causes scar-like tissue to form in the lungs due to inhalation of asbestos

47
Q

Pesticides

What is it used for? Where is it found?

A
  • Used to kill pests
  • Found in soil, water, & foods
  • Bed Bugs = increased
48
Q

Environmental Media

A

Soil, water, air, biota (plants & animals), or any other parts of the environment that contain contaminants

ANY PART OF THE ENVIRONMENT THAT CONTAINS CONTAMINANTS

49
Q

Routes of Exposure

KNOW THESE!!!!!

A
  • Inhalation
  • Absorption
  • Ingestion
  • Injection
50
Q

Biomonitoring

A

The process of using medical tests such as blood or urine collection to determine if a person has been exposed to a contaminant & how much exposure that person has received

51
Q

Environmental Epidemiology

A

Field of public health science that focuses on the incidence & prevalence of disease or illness in a population from exposures in their environment

52
Q

Children’s Vulnerability

A
  • Body systems are still rapidly developing
  • Eat, drink, & breath more in proportion to their body size than adults do
  • Breathing zone is closer to the ground compared with adults
  • Bodies are less able to break down & excrete contaminants
  • Behaviors can expose them to more contaminants
  • Spending time outside home where environmental hazards may be present
53
Q

Environmental Injustice

A

The belief that no group of people should bear a disporportionate share of negative enviornmental health consequences regardless of their race, culture, or income

Community Health Final Exam (5 decks)

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