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SBI4UP > (not all on exam) Macromolecules & Isomers > Flashcards

(not all on exam) Macromolecules & Isomers Flashcards

1
Q

isomers (definition)

A

same molecular formula, different structure

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2
Q

3 types of isomers

A

structural, geometric, enantiomers

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3
Q

structural isomers

A

connected differently

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4
Q

geometric isomers

A

different spatial arrangements, inflexible bonds

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5
Q

types of inflexible bonds (geometric)

A

double bond, ring formation

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6
Q

cis geometric isomer

A

high priority groups on the same side

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7
Q

trans geometric isomer

A

high priority groups on different sides

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8
Q

enantiomers

A

mirror images, chiral + nonsuperimposable carbons

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9
Q

chiral meaning

A

4 different groups attached to the carbon, asymmetric

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10
Q

a type of classification for enantiomers

A

(R), (S)

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11
Q

enzymes are made of

A

proteins

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12
Q

all enzymes are (hint: related to enantiomers)

A

chiral

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13
Q

enantioenriched

A

contains an excess of 1 enantiomer compared to the other

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14
Q

interconvert (def.) (rel to enantiomers)

A

enantiomers can switch to the other one in vivo

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15
Q

enantiomerically pure

A

only contains 1 enantiomer

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16
Q

racemic mixture

A

contains equal quantities of both enantiomers

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17
Q

thalidomide enantiomers cause…

A

morning sickness (R), birth defects + death (S)

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18
Q

2 racemic mixtures

A

thalidomide, ibuprofen

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19
Q

ibuprofen enantiomers cause…

A

no effects (R), anti-inflammatory + analgesic + antipyretic (S)

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20
Q

how long does advil take to work and why

A

30 mins, inactive enantiomer converted into active

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21
Q

energy source

A

carbohydrates

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22
Q

macromolecule involved in energy storage

A

lipids

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23
Q

plants produce __ through photosynthesis from ___

A

carbohydrates from CO2 + H20

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24
Q

3 functions of carbs

A

energy source, building materials, cell surface markers

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25
Q

carbohydrate formula ratio

A

(CH2O)n

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26
Q

what are carbs used to build? (in plants)

A

starches, plant cell wall

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27
Q

sugar suffix

A

-ose

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28
Q

how are monosaccharides categorized

A

carbonyl group - aldoses, ketoses

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29
Q

invert sugar def. + example

A

flips in a solution, e.g. fructose

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30
Q

if there are 5+ carbons in a carbohydrate what happens to its structure when dissolved

A

linear when dry, rings when dissolved

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31
Q

what type of monosaccharide is glucose

A

aldose

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32
Q

what type of monosaccharide is fructose

A

ketose

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33
Q

what type of monosaccharide is galactose

A

aldose

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34
Q

name 2 aldoses

A

glucose, galactose

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35
Q

glucose found in (not a macromolecule)

A

cells

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36
Q

fructose found in

A

fruit

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37
Q

galactose found in

A

milk

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38
Q

OH group down

A

alpha glucose

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39
Q

H group up

A

alpha glucose

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40
Q

H down

A

alpha glucose

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41
Q

OH up

A

beta glucose

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42
Q

alpha glucose is what type of geometric isomer

A

trans

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43
Q

beta glucose is what type of geometric isomer

A

cis

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44
Q

alpha glucose is in… (2)

A

starch, glycogen

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45
Q

easily digestible (carbohydrate)

A

alpha glucose

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46
Q

beta glucose is in… (2)

A

cellulose, chitin

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47
Q

undigestible (monosaccharide)

A

beta glucose

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48
Q

disaccharide

A

2 monosaccharides

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49
Q

linkage b/w monosaccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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50
Q

what type of bond is a glycosidic linkage

A

covalent bond

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51
Q

how are glycosidic linkages formed

A

dehydration synthesis (anabolic)

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52
Q

is dehydration synthesis anabolic or catabolic

A

anabolic

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53
Q

disaccharide examples (3)

A

maltose, sucrose, lactose

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54
Q

maltose is made of

A

2 alpha glucoses

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55
Q

maltose linkage

A

alpha 1-4

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56
Q

sucrose is made of

A

1 alpha glucose + 1 alpha fructose

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57
Q

sucrose linkage

A

alpha 1-2 linkage due to invert sugar property

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58
Q

lactose is made of

A

1 beta glucose + 1 alpha galactose

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59
Q

lactose linkage

A

beta 1-4

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60
Q

carbohydrate categories (3)

A

mono-, di-, polysaccharide

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61
Q

polymers are made of

A

monomers

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62
Q

monomer

A

small subunit/molecule that can bind to other molecules

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63
Q

polymerization

A

monomers link together and form a polymer

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64
Q

amylose

A

straight chains

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65
Q

amylopectin

A

branched chains

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66
Q

amylopectin branches branch off from…

A

carbon 6

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67
Q
A
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68
Q

carbohydrates used for structural support (2)

A

cellulose in cell wall, chitin in animals + insects

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69
Q

carbohydrates used for energy storage

A

starch, glycogen

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70
Q

glycogen is stored in

A

muscle + liver cells

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71
Q

glycogen is accessed during

A

physical activity

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72
Q

sources of glycogen

A

plant starches (pasta, bread…)

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73
Q

excess sugars are stored in.. (plants)

A

roots and stems

74
Q

starch/cellulose/glycogen polarity

A

highly polar, attract water but do not dissolve

75
Q

starch is made of…

A

amylose + amylopectin

76
Q

chitin monomers

A

beta glucosamine + N acetyl group monomers

77
Q

starch linkage

A

alpha 1-4 for chains, alpha 1-6 for branches

78
Q

starch vs glycogen (structure)

A

glycogen has more branches

79
Q

glycogen linkage

A

alpha 1-4 for chains, alpha 1-6 for branching

80
Q

glycogen monomers

A

alpha glucose

81
Q

starch monomers

A

alpha glucose

82
Q

cellulose monomers

A

beta glucose

83
Q

roughage

A

cellulose makes up fibre that holds water in large intestine for waste elimination

84
Q

cellulose linkage

A

beta 1-4

85
Q

beta linkage vs alpha linkage

A

for beta, monomers need to alternate flipping upside down s.t. OH groups react w/ e/o

86
Q

elements in lipids

A

C, H, O

87
Q

lipid functions (3)

A

energy storage, building cell parts, chemical signalling

88
Q

lipid solubility

A

insoluble

89
Q

lipid vs carb (structure)

A

lipids: fewer OH bonds, more CH bonds

90
Q

types of lipids (5)

A

fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids, waxes

91
Q

most lipids are…

A

fatty acids

92
Q

fatty acid structure

A

hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl

93
Q

fatty acid hydrocarbon chain usually has ___ carbons

A

4+

94
Q

fatty acid’s acidic properties come from…

A

the carboxyl group

95
Q

saturated

A

single bonds

96
Q

unsaturated

A

1+ double/triple bonds

97
Q

monounsaturated

A

1 double bond

98
Q

polyunsaturated

A

2+ double bonds

99
Q

saturated fat at room temp

A

solid

100
Q

unsaturated fat at room temp

A

liquid

101
Q

example of saturated fat

A

stearic acid

102
Q

example of unsaturated fat

A

oleic acid

103
Q

fat structure

A

1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids

104
Q

rxn that binds glycerol + fatty acids

A

condensation rxn, esterification

105
Q

esterification

A

process of forming an ester linkage w/ COOH + OH

106
Q

phospholipid structure

A

1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group

107
Q

phospholipid head properties

A

hydrophilic due to polar phosphate group

108
Q

phospholipid tail properties

A

hydrophobic due to non polar hydrocarbons

109
Q

phospholipids in water can form

A

micelles

110
Q

steroid structure

A

4 connected hydrocarbon rings + functional groups

111
Q

largest group of steroids

A

sterols

112
Q

sterol functional group

A

OH group at 1 end

113
Q

what does the functional group in sterols do

A

dual solubility properties

114
Q

examples of steroids

A

cortisone, sterols, cholesterol, sex hormones

115
Q

sex hormones (list 3)

A

testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

116
Q

cholesterol function

A

important in animal membranes, can be converted into vitamin D + bile salts

117
Q

atherosclerosis

A

plaques form on inner lining of blood vessels that block blood flow

118
Q

high amounts of cholesterol can result in

A

atherosclerosis

119
Q

wax structure

A

long chain fatty acids + alcohols or carbon rings

120
Q

wax solubility

A

hydrophobic

121
Q

wax uses

A

waterproof coatings for plants and animals

122
Q

cutin

A

a wax produced by plant epidermal cells

123
Q

DNA codes for

A

protein production

124
Q

transport across cell membranes is a function of…

A

proteins

125
Q

protein functions (7)

A

structure, transport, cell markers, defense, catalysts, movement, chemical signalers

126
Q

proteins are made of (elements)

A

C, H, O, N

127
Q

monomer of polypeptides

A

amino acids

128
Q

amino acid structure

A

central C, amino group, carboxyl group, H atom, R group

129
Q

what is an R group also called

A

side chain

130
Q

how many essential amino acids

A

9/20

131
Q

R groups can cause (in amino acids)

A

polarity, electric charge (basic/acidic)

132
Q

name the different essential amino acids

A

threonine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine

133
Q

name the amino acids that are used in muscle production (3)

A

valine, leucine, isoleucine

134
Q

what is a polypeptide

A

50+ amino acids

135
Q

protein

A

1+ polypeptides linked + folded

136
Q

rxn involved in creating polypeptides

A

protein synthesis - condensation rxns

137
Q

links in polypeptides

A

amide/peptide bonds

138
Q

N-terminal end

A

amino acid chain side where NH2 is

139
Q

what is the end of the chain where the carboxyl is called

A

C-terminal end

140
Q

2 types of protein conformations

A

linear, globular

141
Q

function of linear proteins

A

structural support

142
Q

example of linear proteins

A

silk, collagen, keratin

143
Q

example of proteins with alpha-helix structure

A

alpha keratin (hair), lysozyme (saliva, sweat)

144
Q

example of beta-pleated sheets

A

silk

145
Q

4 structural levels of globular proteins

A

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

146
Q

types of secondary structures (2)

A

alpha helix, beta pleated sheets

147
Q

secondary structures are based on

A

H bonding in backbone

148
Q

tertiary structures are based on

A

bonding b/w R groups

149
Q

example of tertiary protein

A

myoglobin

150
Q

example of quaternary protein

A

collagen or hemoglobin

151
Q

denaturing agents examples

A

heat, pH

152
Q

as long as the __ structure has not been damaged the protein may function again

A

primary

153
Q

what are prosthetic groups

A

non-protein components that aid in functioning of proteins

154
Q

most prosthetic groups contain…

A

metal ions

155
Q

examples of prosthetic groups

A

iron in hemoglobin, magnesium in respiration

156
Q

nucleic acids store…

A

hereditary information, assembly instructions for proteins

157
Q

protein assembly information is

A

the order of amino acids

158
Q

2 types of nucleic acids are…

A

DNA, RNA

159
Q

pro and eukaryotes have what type of nucleic acid

A

DNA

160
Q

RNA is present in

A

viruses

161
Q

monomer for nucleic acid

A

nucleotides

162
Q

nucleotide structure…

A

nitrogenous base, 5C sugar, 1-3 phosphate group

163
Q

linkage in nucleotides

A

phosphodiester linkage b/w phosphate and sugar

164
Q

rxn involved in nucleotide linkage

A

condensation rxn

165
Q

DNA full name

A

deoxyribonucleic acid

166
Q

RNA full name

A

ribonucleic acid

167
Q

deoxyribose vs ribose

A

deoxyribose lacks an O at C-2

168
Q

pyrimidines in RNA

A

uracil, cytosine

169
Q

purines

A

adenine, guanine

170
Q

pyrimidines in DNA

A

thymine, cytosine

171
Q

function of DNA

A

store genetic material

172
Q

function of RNA

A

reads info on DNA, translates into proteins

173
Q

how is DNA structured (strands run ___ from e/o)

A

anti parallel, double stranded

174
Q

how is RNA structured (strands?)

A

single stranded

175
Q

how many bonds for AT

A

2 H bonds

176
Q

how many bonds for CG

A

3 bonds

177
Q

difference between structure of adenine and guanine

A

amide group on guanine

178
Q

purine structure

A

2 rings

179
Q

pyrimidine structure

A

1 ring

180
Q

difference between structure of thymine and cytosine

A

thymine has 2 amide groups (2 ketones), cytosine has an amine group (NH2)

181
Q

difference between structure of thymine and uracil

A

thymine has a methyl

182
Q

difference between structure of uracil and cytosine

A

cytosine has an amine group (NH2)

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