(not all on exam) Macromolecules & Isomers Flashcards
isomers (definition)
same molecular formula, different structure
3 types of isomers
structural, geometric, enantiomers
structural isomers
connected differently
geometric isomers
different spatial arrangements, inflexible bonds
types of inflexible bonds (geometric)
double bond, ring formation
cis geometric isomer
high priority groups on the same side
trans geometric isomer
high priority groups on different sides
enantiomers
mirror images, chiral + nonsuperimposable carbons
chiral meaning
4 different groups attached to the carbon, asymmetric
a type of classification for enantiomers
(R), (S)
enzymes are made of
proteins
all enzymes are (hint: related to enantiomers)
chiral
enantioenriched
contains an excess of 1 enantiomer compared to the other
interconvert (def.) (rel to enantiomers)
enantiomers can switch to the other one in vivo
enantiomerically pure
only contains 1 enantiomer
racemic mixture
contains equal quantities of both enantiomers
thalidomide enantiomers cause…
morning sickness (R), birth defects + death (S)
2 racemic mixtures
thalidomide, ibuprofen
ibuprofen enantiomers cause…
no effects (R), anti-inflammatory + analgesic + antipyretic (S)
how long does advil take to work and why
30 mins, inactive enantiomer converted into active
energy source
carbohydrates
macromolecule involved in energy storage
lipids
plants produce __ through photosynthesis from ___
carbohydrates from CO2 + H20
3 functions of carbs
energy source, building materials, cell surface markers
carbohydrate formula ratio
(CH2O)n
what are carbs used to build? (in plants)
starches, plant cell wall
sugar suffix
-ose
how are monosaccharides categorized
carbonyl group - aldoses, ketoses
invert sugar def. + example
flips in a solution, e.g. fructose
if there are 5+ carbons in a carbohydrate what happens to its structure when dissolved
linear when dry, rings when dissolved
what type of monosaccharide is glucose
aldose
what type of monosaccharide is fructose
ketose
what type of monosaccharide is galactose
aldose
name 2 aldoses
glucose, galactose
glucose found in (not a macromolecule)
cells
fructose found in
fruit
galactose found in
milk
OH group down
alpha glucose
H group up
alpha glucose
H down
alpha glucose
OH up
beta glucose
alpha glucose is what type of geometric isomer
trans
beta glucose is what type of geometric isomer
cis
alpha glucose is in… (2)
starch, glycogen
easily digestible (carbohydrate)
alpha glucose
beta glucose is in… (2)
cellulose, chitin
undigestible (monosaccharide)
beta glucose
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides
linkage b/w monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
what type of bond is a glycosidic linkage
covalent bond
how are glycosidic linkages formed
dehydration synthesis (anabolic)
is dehydration synthesis anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
disaccharide examples (3)
maltose, sucrose, lactose
maltose is made of
2 alpha glucoses
maltose linkage
alpha 1-4
sucrose is made of
1 alpha glucose + 1 alpha fructose
sucrose linkage
alpha 1-2 linkage due to invert sugar property
lactose is made of
1 beta glucose + 1 alpha galactose
lactose linkage
beta 1-4
carbohydrate categories (3)
mono-, di-, polysaccharide
polymers are made of
monomers
monomer
small subunit/molecule that can bind to other molecules
polymerization
monomers link together and form a polymer
amylose
straight chains
amylopectin
branched chains
amylopectin branches branch off from…
carbon 6
carbohydrates used for structural support (2)
cellulose in cell wall, chitin in animals + insects
carbohydrates used for energy storage
starch, glycogen
glycogen is stored in
muscle + liver cells
glycogen is accessed during
physical activity
sources of glycogen
plant starches (pasta, bread…)
excess sugars are stored in.. (plants)
roots and stems
starch/cellulose/glycogen polarity
highly polar, attract water but do not dissolve
starch is made of…
amylose + amylopectin
chitin monomers
beta glucosamine + N acetyl group monomers
starch linkage
alpha 1-4 for chains, alpha 1-6 for branches
starch vs glycogen (structure)
glycogen has more branches
glycogen linkage
alpha 1-4 for chains, alpha 1-6 for branching
glycogen monomers
alpha glucose
starch monomers
alpha glucose
cellulose monomers
beta glucose
roughage
cellulose makes up fibre that holds water in large intestine for waste elimination
cellulose linkage
beta 1-4
beta linkage vs alpha linkage
for beta, monomers need to alternate flipping upside down s.t. OH groups react w/ e/o
elements in lipids
C, H, O
lipid functions (3)
energy storage, building cell parts, chemical signalling
lipid solubility
insoluble
lipid vs carb (structure)
lipids: fewer OH bonds, more CH bonds
types of lipids (5)
fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids, waxes
most lipids are…
fatty acids
fatty acid structure
hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl
fatty acid hydrocarbon chain usually has ___ carbons
4+
fatty acid’s acidic properties come from…
the carboxyl group
saturated
single bonds
unsaturated
1+ double/triple bonds
monounsaturated
1 double bond
polyunsaturated
2+ double bonds
saturated fat at room temp
solid
unsaturated fat at room temp
liquid
example of saturated fat
stearic acid
example of unsaturated fat
oleic acid
fat structure
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
rxn that binds glycerol + fatty acids
condensation rxn, esterification
esterification
process of forming an ester linkage w/ COOH + OH
phospholipid structure
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group
phospholipid head properties
hydrophilic due to polar phosphate group
phospholipid tail properties
hydrophobic due to non polar hydrocarbons
phospholipids in water can form
micelles
steroid structure
4 connected hydrocarbon rings + functional groups
largest group of steroids
sterols
sterol functional group
OH group at 1 end
what does the functional group in sterols do
dual solubility properties
examples of steroids
cortisone, sterols, cholesterol, sex hormones
sex hormones (list 3)
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
cholesterol function
important in animal membranes, can be converted into vitamin D + bile salts
atherosclerosis
plaques form on inner lining of blood vessels that block blood flow
high amounts of cholesterol can result in
atherosclerosis
wax structure
long chain fatty acids + alcohols or carbon rings
wax solubility
hydrophobic
wax uses
waterproof coatings for plants and animals
cutin
a wax produced by plant epidermal cells
DNA codes for
protein production
transport across cell membranes is a function of…
proteins
protein functions (7)
structure, transport, cell markers, defense, catalysts, movement, chemical signalers
proteins are made of (elements)
C, H, O, N
monomer of polypeptides
amino acids
amino acid structure
central C, amino group, carboxyl group, H atom, R group
what is an R group also called
side chain
how many essential amino acids
9/20
R groups can cause (in amino acids)
polarity, electric charge (basic/acidic)
name the different essential amino acids
threonine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine
name the amino acids that are used in muscle production (3)
valine, leucine, isoleucine
what is a polypeptide
50+ amino acids
protein
1+ polypeptides linked + folded
rxn involved in creating polypeptides
protein synthesis - condensation rxns
links in polypeptides
amide/peptide bonds
N-terminal end
amino acid chain side where NH2 is
what is the end of the chain where the carboxyl is called
C-terminal end
2 types of protein conformations
linear, globular
function of linear proteins
structural support
example of linear proteins
silk, collagen, keratin
example of proteins with alpha-helix structure
alpha keratin (hair), lysozyme (saliva, sweat)
example of beta-pleated sheets
silk
4 structural levels of globular proteins
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
types of secondary structures (2)
alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
secondary structures are based on
H bonding in backbone
tertiary structures are based on
bonding b/w R groups
example of tertiary protein
myoglobin
example of quaternary protein
collagen or hemoglobin
denaturing agents examples
heat, pH
as long as the __ structure has not been damaged the protein may function again
primary
what are prosthetic groups
non-protein components that aid in functioning of proteins
most prosthetic groups contain…
metal ions
examples of prosthetic groups
iron in hemoglobin, magnesium in respiration
nucleic acids store…
hereditary information, assembly instructions for proteins
protein assembly information is
the order of amino acids
2 types of nucleic acids are…
DNA, RNA
pro and eukaryotes have what type of nucleic acid
DNA
RNA is present in
viruses
monomer for nucleic acid
nucleotides
nucleotide structure…
nitrogenous base, 5C sugar, 1-3 phosphate group
linkage in nucleotides
phosphodiester linkage b/w phosphate and sugar
rxn involved in nucleotide linkage
condensation rxn
DNA full name
deoxyribonucleic acid
RNA full name
ribonucleic acid
deoxyribose vs ribose
deoxyribose lacks an O at C-2
pyrimidines in RNA
uracil, cytosine
purines
adenine, guanine
pyrimidines in DNA
thymine, cytosine
function of DNA
store genetic material
function of RNA
reads info on DNA, translates into proteins
how is DNA structured (strands run ___ from e/o)
anti parallel, double stranded
how is RNA structured (strands?)
single stranded
how many bonds for AT
2 H bonds
how many bonds for CG
3 bonds
difference between structure of adenine and guanine
amide group on guanine
purine structure
2 rings
pyrimidine structure
1 ring
difference between structure of thymine and cytosine
thymine has 2 amide groups (2 ketones), cytosine has an amine group (NH2)
difference between structure of thymine and uracil
thymine has a methyl
difference between structure of uracil and cytosine
cytosine has an amine group (NH2)
