(not all on exam) Macromolecules & Isomers Flashcards
1
Q
isomers (definition)
A
same molecular formula, different structure
2
Q
3 types of isomers
A
structural, geometric, enantiomers
3
Q
structural isomers
A
connected differently
4
Q
geometric isomers
A
different spatial arrangements, inflexible bonds
5
Q
types of inflexible bonds (geometric)
A
double bond, ring formation
6
Q
cis geometric isomer
A
high priority groups on the same side
7
Q
trans geometric isomer
A
high priority groups on different sides
8
Q
enantiomers
A
mirror images, chiral + nonsuperimposable carbons
9
Q
chiral meaning
A
4 different groups attached to the carbon, asymmetric
10
Q
a type of classification for enantiomers
A
(R), (S)
11
Q
enzymes are made of
A
proteins
12
Q
all enzymes are (hint: related to enantiomers)
A
chiral
13
Q
enantioenriched
A
contains an excess of 1 enantiomer compared to the other
14
Q
interconvert (def.) (rel to enantiomers)
A
enantiomers can switch to the other one in vivo
15
Q
enantiomerically pure
A
only contains 1 enantiomer
16
Q
racemic mixture
A
contains equal quantities of both enantiomers
17
Q
thalidomide enantiomers cause…
A
morning sickness (R), birth defects + death (S)
18
Q
2 racemic mixtures
A
thalidomide, ibuprofen
19
Q
ibuprofen enantiomers cause…
A
no effects (R), anti-inflammatory + analgesic + antipyretic (S)
20
Q
how long does advil take to work and why
A
30 mins, inactive enantiomer converted into active
21
Q
energy source
A
carbohydrates
22
Q
macromolecule involved in energy storage
A
lipids
23
Q
plants produce __ through photosynthesis from ___
A
carbohydrates from CO2 + H20
24
Q
3 functions of carbs
A
energy source, building materials, cell surface markers
25
carbohydrate formula ratio
(CH2O)n
26
what are carbs used to build? (in plants)
starches, plant cell wall
27
sugar suffix
-ose
28
how are monosaccharides categorized
carbonyl group - aldoses, ketoses
29
invert sugar def. + example
flips in a solution, e.g. fructose
30
if there are 5+ carbons in a carbohydrate what happens to its structure when dissolved
linear when dry, rings when dissolved
31
what type of monosaccharide is glucose
aldose
32
what type of monosaccharide is fructose
ketose
33
what type of monosaccharide is galactose
aldose
34
name 2 aldoses
glucose, galactose
35
glucose found in (not a macromolecule)
cells
36
fructose found in
fruit
37
galactose found in
milk
38
OH group down
alpha glucose
39
H group up
alpha glucose
40
H down
alpha glucose
41
OH up
beta glucose
42
alpha glucose is what type of geometric isomer
trans
43
beta glucose is what type of geometric isomer
cis
44
alpha glucose is in... (2)
starch, glycogen
45
easily digestible (carbohydrate)
alpha glucose
46
beta glucose is in... (2)
cellulose, chitin
47
undigestible (monosaccharide)
beta glucose
48
disaccharide
2 monosaccharides
49
linkage b/w monosaccharides
glycosidic linkage
50
what type of bond is a glycosidic linkage
covalent bond
51
how are glycosidic linkages formed
dehydration synthesis (anabolic)
52
is dehydration synthesis anabolic or catabolic
anabolic
53
disaccharide examples (3)
maltose, sucrose, lactose
54
maltose is made of
2 alpha glucoses
55
maltose linkage
alpha 1-4
56
sucrose is made of
1 alpha glucose + 1 alpha fructose
57
sucrose linkage
alpha 1-2 linkage due to invert sugar property
58
lactose is made of
1 beta glucose + 1 alpha galactose
59
lactose linkage
beta 1-4
60
carbohydrate categories (3)
mono-, di-, polysaccharide
61
polymers are made of
monomers
62
monomer
small subunit/molecule that can bind to other molecules
63
polymerization
monomers link together and form a polymer
64
amylose
straight chains
65
amylopectin
branched chains
66
amylopectin branches branch off from...
carbon 6
67
68
carbohydrates used for structural support (2)
cellulose in cell wall, chitin in animals + insects
69
carbohydrates used for energy storage
starch, glycogen
70
glycogen is stored in
muscle + liver cells
71
glycogen is accessed during
physical activity
72
sources of glycogen
plant starches (pasta, bread...)
73
excess sugars are stored in.. (plants)
roots and stems
74
starch/cellulose/glycogen polarity
highly polar, attract water but do not dissolve
75
starch is made of...
amylose + amylopectin
76
chitin monomers
beta glucosamine + N acetyl group monomers
77
starch linkage
alpha 1-4 for chains, alpha 1-6 for branches
78
starch vs glycogen (structure)
glycogen has more branches
79
glycogen linkage
alpha 1-4 for chains, alpha 1-6 for branching
80
glycogen monomers
alpha glucose
81
starch monomers
alpha glucose
82
cellulose monomers
beta glucose
83
roughage
cellulose makes up fibre that holds water in large intestine for waste elimination
84
cellulose linkage
beta 1-4
85
beta linkage vs alpha linkage
for beta, monomers need to alternate flipping upside down s.t. OH groups react w/ e/o
86
elements in lipids
C, H, O
87
lipid functions (3)
energy storage, building cell parts, chemical signalling
88
lipid solubility
insoluble
89
lipid vs carb (structure)
lipids: fewer OH bonds, more CH bonds
90
types of lipids (5)
fatty acids, fats, steroids, phospholipids, waxes
91
most lipids are...
fatty acids
92
fatty acid structure
hydrocarbon chain + carboxyl
93
fatty acid hydrocarbon chain usually has ___ carbons
4+
94
fatty acid's acidic properties come from...
the carboxyl group
95
saturated
single bonds
96
unsaturated
1+ double/triple bonds
97
monounsaturated
1 double bond
98
polyunsaturated
2+ double bonds
99
saturated fat at room temp
solid
100
unsaturated fat at room temp
liquid
101
example of saturated fat
stearic acid
102
example of unsaturated fat
oleic acid
103
fat structure
1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids
104
rxn that binds glycerol + fatty acids
condensation rxn, esterification
105
esterification
process of forming an ester linkage w/ COOH + OH
106
phospholipid structure
1 glycerol + 2 fatty acids + 1 phosphate group
107
phospholipid head properties
hydrophilic due to polar phosphate group
108
phospholipid tail properties
hydrophobic due to non polar hydrocarbons
109
phospholipids in water can form
micelles
110
steroid structure
4 connected hydrocarbon rings + functional groups
111
largest group of steroids
sterols
112
sterol functional group
OH group at 1 end
113
what does the functional group in sterols do
dual solubility properties
114
examples of steroids
cortisone, sterols, cholesterol, sex hormones
115
sex hormones (list 3)
testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
116
cholesterol function
important in animal membranes, can be converted into vitamin D + bile salts
117
atherosclerosis
plaques form on inner lining of blood vessels that block blood flow
118
high amounts of cholesterol can result in
atherosclerosis
119
wax structure
long chain fatty acids + alcohols or carbon rings
120
wax solubility
hydrophobic
121
wax uses
waterproof coatings for plants and animals
122
cutin
a wax produced by plant epidermal cells
123
DNA codes for
protein production
124
transport across cell membranes is a function of...
proteins
125
protein functions (7)
structure, transport, cell markers, defense, catalysts, movement, chemical signalers
126
proteins are made of (elements)
C, H, O, N
127
monomer of polypeptides
amino acids
128
amino acid structure
central C, amino group, carboxyl group, H atom, R group
129
what is an R group also called
side chain
130
how many essential amino acids
9/20
131
R groups can cause (in amino acids)
polarity, electric charge (basic/acidic)
132
name the different essential amino acids
threonine, methionine, histidine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, lysine, valine, leucine, isoleucine
133
name the amino acids that are used in muscle production (3)
valine, leucine, isoleucine
134
what is a polypeptide
50+ amino acids
135
protein
1+ polypeptides linked + folded
136
rxn involved in creating polypeptides
protein synthesis - condensation rxns
137
links in polypeptides
amide/peptide bonds
138
N-terminal end
amino acid chain side where NH2 is
139
what is the end of the chain where the carboxyl is called
C-terminal end
140
2 types of protein conformations
linear, globular
141
function of linear proteins
structural support
142
example of linear proteins
silk, collagen, keratin
143
example of proteins with alpha-helix structure
alpha keratin (hair), lysozyme (saliva, sweat)
144
example of beta-pleated sheets
silk
145
4 structural levels of globular proteins
primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary
146
types of secondary structures (2)
alpha helix, beta pleated sheets
147
secondary structures are based on
H bonding in backbone
148
tertiary structures are based on
bonding b/w R groups
149
example of tertiary protein
myoglobin
150
example of quaternary protein
collagen or hemoglobin
151
denaturing agents examples
heat, pH
152
as long as the __ structure has not been damaged the protein may function again
primary
153
what are prosthetic groups
non-protein components that aid in functioning of proteins
154
most prosthetic groups contain...
metal ions
155
examples of prosthetic groups
iron in hemoglobin, magnesium in respiration
156
nucleic acids store...
hereditary information, assembly instructions for proteins
157
protein assembly information is
the order of amino acids
158
2 types of nucleic acids are...
DNA, RNA
159
pro and eukaryotes have what type of nucleic acid
DNA
160
RNA is present in
viruses
161
monomer for nucleic acid
nucleotides
162
nucleotide structure...
nitrogenous base, 5C sugar, 1-3 phosphate group
163
linkage in nucleotides
phosphodiester linkage b/w phosphate and sugar
164
rxn involved in nucleotide linkage
condensation rxn
165
DNA full name
deoxyribonucleic acid
166
RNA full name
ribonucleic acid
167
deoxyribose vs ribose
deoxyribose lacks an O at C-2
168
pyrimidines in RNA
uracil, cytosine
169
purines
adenine, guanine
170
pyrimidines in DNA
thymine, cytosine
171
function of DNA
store genetic material
172
function of RNA
reads info on DNA, translates into proteins
173
how is DNA structured (strands run ___ from e/o)
anti parallel, double stranded
174
how is RNA structured (strands?)
single stranded
175
how many bonds for AT
2 H bonds
176
how many bonds for CG
3 bonds
177
difference between structure of adenine and guanine
amide group on guanine
178
purine structure
2 rings
179
pyrimidine structure
1 ring
180
difference between structure of thymine and cytosine
thymine has 2 amide groups (2 ketones), cytosine has an amine group (NH2)
181
difference between structure of thymine and uracil
thymine has a methyl
182
difference between structure of uracil and cytosine
cytosine has an amine group (NH2)
