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SBI4UP > homeostasis > Flashcards

homeostasis Flashcards

chapter 9-10

1
Q

constant internal balance, despite changing external conditions/stimuli

A

homeostasis

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2
Q

senses changes in a system

A

monitor

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3
Q

organizes a response to changes that were sensed and reported

A

co-ordinating centre

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4
Q

carries out instructions regarding actions taken to changes in body

A

regulator or effector

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5
Q

after changes are detected, it is removed and the system returns to status quo

A

negative feedback

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6
Q

after changes are detected, it is increased over time

A

positive feedback

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7
Q

animals that cannot control their temperature on their own

A

ectotherm

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8
Q

example of ectotherm

A

fish or lizards

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9
Q

animals that can control their temperature on their own

A

endotherm

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10
Q

part of brain that maintains body temperature

A

hypothalamus

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11
Q

temperature of blood of endotherms

A

warm blooded

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12
Q

temperature of blood of ectotherms

A

cold blooded

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13
Q

occurs to blood vessels during high heat

A

dilation

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14
Q

occurs to blood vessels at cold temperatures

A

contraction

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15
Q

occurs to sweat glands during heat stress

A

release water

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16
Q

method of cooling the body involving sweat glands

A

water evaporates off skin to cool the body

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17
Q

occurs to skeletal muscles during cold stress

A

shiver (contract violently and rhythmically)

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18
Q

systems that regulate water balance

A

nervous and endocrine system

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19
Q

hormone involved in regulating osmotic pressure of body fluids

A

antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

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20
Q

occurs to kidneys with ADH is released

A

increase water reabsorption

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21
Q

change in urine when ADH is released

A

more concentrated

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22
Q

change in amount of urine released when ADH is released

A

less urine is produced

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23
Q

produces ADH

A

hypothalamus

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24
Q

stores and releases ADH

A

pituitary gland

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25
Q

where ADH is first released

A

bloodstream

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26
Q

occurs to blood solutes when water level is low

A

blood solute becomes more concentrated

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27
Q

occurs to blood osmotic pressure when water level is low

A

blood osmotic pressure increases

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28
Q

occurs to the cells of the hypothalamus when water level is low

A

cells of the hypothalamus shrink

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29
Q

occurs to nephron when ADH is released

A

upper part of distal tube and collecting duct are made permeable to water

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30
Q

function of kidney

A

maintain water balance, remove waste, maintain blood pH & pressure balance

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31
Q

hormone that increases na+ absorption

A

aldosterone

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32
Q

areas that aldosterone affect

A

distal tubule and collecting duct

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33
Q

how kidneys participate in the buffer system

A

excrete excess H+ or reabsorb HCO3- ions

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34
Q

occurs when water intake is reduced by 1% of body mass

A

thirst due to the lack of water

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35
Q

occurs when water intake is reduced by 5% of body mass

A

pain and collapse due to the lack of water

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36
Q

occurs when water intake is reduced by 10% of body mass

A

die due to the lack of water

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37
Q

equation for forming urea

A

2 ammonia + carbon dioxide –> urea + water

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38
Q

what urine is made out of

A

urea + water

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39
Q

role of renal arteries in kidneys

A

supply “junk/dirty” blood

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40
Q

role of renal veins in kidneys

A

return “clean” blood to heart

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41
Q

controls bladder storage

A

role of the sphincter muscle in the bladder

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42
Q

name of first stage of urine formation

A

filtration

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43
Q

name of second stage of urine formation

A

reabsorption

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44
Q

name of third stage of urine formation

A

secretion

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45
Q

pressure in glomerulus

A

high pressure in this area of the nephron

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46
Q

where blood fluids flow after leaving the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s capsule accepts blood fluids

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47
Q

type of materials that are left behind when fluid flow away from glomerulus

A

large materials

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48
Q

examples of large materials that do not leave the glomerulus

A

plasma, blood cells, platelets, proteins

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49
Q

reabsorption that only occurs until the threshold of a substance is reached

A

selective reabsorption

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50
Q

areas of greatest reabsorption

A

proximal tubule

51
Q

part of loop of henle that is permeable to water

A

descending loop

52
Q

part of loop of henle that is permeable to NaCl

A

ascending loop

53
Q

method by which waste leaves the body

A

excretion

54
Q

occurs in the collecting duct

A

urine formation

55
Q

occurs to water in the distal tubule

A

waste moves from blood to the nephron

56
Q

group of diabetes caused by lack of insulin creation

A

diabetes mellitus

57
Q

type of diabetes caused by kidneys not being able to concentrate urine properly

A

diabetes insipidus

58
Q

occurs to kidneys because of diabetes insipidus

A

high usage of kidneys may cause damage

59
Q

occurs to urine production due to diabetes insipidus

A

urine output increases dramatically

60
Q

disease involving the presence of glucose in the kidneys

A

diabetes mellitus

61
Q

occurs to blood due to diabetes mellitus

A

blood sugar rises

62
Q

potential cause of diabetes insipidus involving ADH

A

ADH-production cells are destroyed

63
Q

potential cause of diabetes insipidus involving pituitary gland

A

nerve tracts between hypothalamus and pituitary gland are destroyed

64
Q

chemical regulators involved in the body

A

hormones

65
Q

chemicals produced by a gland and secreted directly into the blood

A

endocrine hormones

66
Q

function of the pituitary gland as relevant to other glands

A

controls the endocrine glands

67
Q

front lobe of the pituitary gland

A

position of the anterior lobe

68
Q

back lobe of the pituitary gland

A

position of the posterior lobe

69
Q

role of anterior lobe

A

produce and store regulator hormones

70
Q

role of posterior lobe

A

store and release ADH and oxytocin

71
Q

produces oxytocin

A

hormone produced by hypothalamus

72
Q

glands responsible for control of blood sugar level

A

pancreas and adrenal gland

73
Q

location of hormone production in pancreas

A

islets of langerhams

74
Q

location of insulin production (specific)

A

beta cells of islets of langerhams

75
Q

location of glucagon production (specific)

A

alpha cells of islets of langerhams

76
Q

hormone that is released when blood sugar is high (released by pancreas)

A

insulin

77
Q

hormone that is released when blood sugar is low (released by pancreas)

A

glucagon

78
Q

effect of insulin on cells

A

causes them to become permeable to glucose

79
Q

what is converted due to glucagon release

A

glycogen converted to glucose

80
Q

effect on blood due to glucagon release

A

increased glucose levels in blood

81
Q

overall effect of insulin release

A

blood sugar level decrease

82
Q

effect on blood sugar after meals due to lack of insulin

A

sharp increase in blood sugar levels

83
Q

technical name for high blood glucose

A

hyperglycemia

84
Q

location of adrenal glands

A

above each kidney

85
Q

effect on kidneys due to lack of insulin

A

unable to reabsorb all of the glucose in the blood

86
Q

effect on urine due to lack of insulin

A

urine contains glucose

87
Q

parts of adrenal gland

A

medulla and cortex

88
Q

outer casing of adrenal gland

A

adrenal cortex structure

89
Q

role of adrenal medulla in stress

A

respond to short term stress

90
Q

role of adrenal cortex in stress

A

respond to long term stress

91
Q

regulates the adrenal medulla

A

nervous system regulates this structure

92
Q

regulates the adrenal cortex

A

endocrine system regulates this structure

93
Q

hormones produced by adrenal medulla

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

94
Q

effects of epinephrine + norepinephrine release as relevant to blood sugar level

A

increase in blood sugar level

95
Q

effect of short term stress response on cells

A

increases cell metabolism

96
Q

effects of short term stress response on blood vessels

A

dilate

97
Q

steroid hormone that controls blood glucose levels

A

glucocorticoids

98
Q

steroid hormone relevant to regulation of salt-water balance

A

mineralocorticoids

99
Q

main hormones produced by adrenal cortex

A

glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones

100
Q

glands that affect metabolism

A

thyroid, parathyroid, anterior pituitary gland

101
Q

role of thyroid gland

A

regulates body metabolism by controlling the rate of glucose oxidization

102
Q

role of parathyroid glands

A

regulate calcium and phosphate levels in blood

103
Q

produces growth hormone

A

in anterior pituitary gland

104
Q

another name for growth hormone

A

another name for somatotropin

105
Q

role of growth hormone

A

influences growth of long bones and accelerates protein synthesis

106
Q

gland that produces thyroxine

A

thyroid gland produces this hormone

107
Q

gland that produces tri-iodothyronine

A

thyroid gland produces this hormone

108
Q

gland that produces calcitonin

A

thyroid gland produces this hormone

109
Q

function of calcitonin

A

lower calcium level

110
Q

how calcitonin works

A

increases calcium absorption of bone cells

111
Q

term for high levels of T4

A

hyperthyroidism

112
Q

occurs when sugar is not oxidized as relevant to fat

A

fat stores build up

113
Q

gland that is not regulated by other glands

A

parathyroid gland

114
Q

stimulated by TRH

A

TSH

115
Q

role of TSH

A

cause thyroid gland to release thyroxine

116
Q

role of thyroxine

A

increase metabolism

117
Q

hormone release caused by low calcium levels

A

parathyroid hormone

118
Q

effect of PTH on calcium

A

calcium in blood increases

119
Q

effect of PTH on phosphate

A

phosphate levels decrease

120
Q

effects of high levels on PTH (overall)

A

brittle bones and kidney stones

121
Q

organs that PTH affects

A

kidneys, intestines, bones

122
Q

hormone released by parathyroid glands

A

parathyroid hormone

123
Q

effects of low secretion of HGH

A

dwarfism can be caused by this

124
Q

effects of high secretion of HGH

(-ism, long term)

A

gigantism can be caused by this

SBI4UP (5 decks)

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