homeostasis Flashcards
chapter 9-10
1
Q
constant internal balance, despite changing external conditions/stimuli
A
homeostasis
2
Q
senses changes in a system
A
monitor
3
Q
organizes a response to changes that were sensed and reported
A
co-ordinating centre
4
Q
carries out instructions regarding actions taken to changes in body
A
regulator or effector
5
Q
after changes are detected, it is removed and the system returns to status quo
A
negative feedback
6
Q
after changes are detected, it is increased over time
A
positive feedback
7
Q
animals that cannot control their temperature on their own
A
ectotherm
8
Q
example of ectotherm
A
fish or lizards
9
Q
animals that can control their temperature on their own
A
endotherm
10
Q
part of brain that maintains body temperature
A
hypothalamus
11
Q
temperature of blood of endotherms
A
warm blooded
12
Q
temperature of blood of ectotherms
A
cold blooded
13
Q
occurs to blood vessels during high heat
A
dilation
14
Q
occurs to blood vessels at cold temperatures
A
contraction
15
Q
occurs to sweat glands during heat stress
A
release water
16
Q
method of cooling the body involving sweat glands
A
water evaporates off skin to cool the body
17
Q
occurs to skeletal muscles during cold stress
A
shiver (contract violently and rhythmically)
18
Q
systems that regulate water balance
A
nervous and endocrine system
19
Q
hormone involved in regulating osmotic pressure of body fluids
A
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
20
Q
occurs to kidneys with ADH is released
A
increase water reabsorption
21
Q
change in urine when ADH is released
A
more concentrated
22
Q
change in amount of urine released when ADH is released
A
less urine is produced
23
Q
produces ADH
A
hypothalamus
24
Q
stores and releases ADH
A
pituitary gland
25
where ADH is first released
bloodstream
26
occurs to blood solutes when water level is low
blood solute becomes more concentrated
27
occurs to blood osmotic pressure when water level is low
blood osmotic pressure increases
28
occurs to the cells of the hypothalamus when water level is low
cells of the hypothalamus shrink
29
occurs to nephron when ADH is released
upper part of distal tube and collecting duct are made permeable to water
30
function of kidney
maintain water balance, remove waste, maintain blood pH & pressure balance
31
hormone that increases na+ absorption
aldosterone
32
areas that aldosterone affect
distal tubule and collecting duct
33
how kidneys participate in the buffer system
excrete excess H+ or reabsorb HCO3- ions
34
occurs when water intake is reduced by 1% of body mass
thirst due to the lack of water
35
occurs when water intake is reduced by 5% of body mass
pain and collapse due to the lack of water
36
occurs when water intake is reduced by 10% of body mass
die due to the lack of water
37
equation for forming urea
2 ammonia + carbon dioxide --> urea + water
38
what urine is made out of
urea + water
39
role of renal arteries in kidneys
supply "junk/dirty" blood
40
role of renal veins in kidneys
return "clean" blood to heart
41
controls bladder storage
role of the sphincter muscle in the bladder
42
name of first stage of urine formation
filtration
43
name of second stage of urine formation
reabsorption
44
name of third stage of urine formation
secretion
45
pressure in glomerulus
high pressure in this area of the nephron
46
where blood fluids flow after leaving the glomerulus
Bowman's capsule accepts blood fluids
47
type of materials that are left behind when fluid flow away from glomerulus
large materials
48
examples of large materials that do not leave the glomerulus
plasma, blood cells, platelets, proteins
49
reabsorption that only occurs until the threshold of a substance is reached
selective reabsorption
50
areas of greatest reabsorption
proximal tubule
51
part of loop of henle that is permeable to water
descending loop
52
part of loop of henle that is permeable to NaCl
ascending loop
53
method by which waste leaves the body
excretion
54
occurs in the collecting duct
urine formation
55
occurs to water in the distal tubule
waste moves from blood to the nephron
56
group of diabetes caused by lack of insulin creation
diabetes mellitus
57
type of diabetes caused by kidneys not being able to concentrate urine properly
diabetes insipidus
58
occurs to kidneys because of diabetes insipidus
high usage of kidneys may cause damage
59
occurs to urine production due to diabetes insipidus
urine output increases dramatically
60
disease involving the presence of glucose in the kidneys
diabetes mellitus
61
occurs to blood due to diabetes mellitus
blood sugar rises
62
potential cause of diabetes insipidus involving ADH
ADH-production cells are destroyed
63
potential cause of diabetes insipidus involving pituitary gland
nerve tracts between hypothalamus and pituitary gland are destroyed
64
chemical regulators involved in the body
hormones
65
chemicals produced by a gland and secreted directly into the blood
endocrine hormones
66
function of the pituitary gland as relevant to other glands
controls the endocrine glands
67
front lobe of the pituitary gland
position of the anterior lobe
68
back lobe of the pituitary gland
position of the posterior lobe
69
role of anterior lobe
produce and store regulator hormones
70
role of posterior lobe
store and release ADH and oxytocin
71
produces oxytocin
hormone produced by hypothalamus
72
glands responsible for control of blood sugar level
pancreas and adrenal gland
73
location of hormone production in pancreas
islets of langerhams
74
location of insulin production (specific)
beta cells of islets of langerhams
75
location of glucagon production (specific)
alpha cells of islets of langerhams
76
hormone that is released when blood sugar is high (released by pancreas)
insulin
77
hormone that is released when blood sugar is low (released by pancreas)
glucagon
78
effect of insulin on cells
causes them to become permeable to glucose
79
what is converted due to glucagon release
glycogen converted to glucose
80
effect on blood due to glucagon release
increased glucose levels in blood
81
overall effect of insulin release
blood sugar level decrease
82
effect on blood sugar after meals due to lack of insulin
sharp increase in blood sugar levels
83
technical name for high blood glucose
hyperglycemia
84
location of adrenal glands
above each kidney
85
effect on kidneys due to lack of insulin
unable to reabsorb all of the glucose in the blood
86
effect on urine due to lack of insulin
urine contains glucose
87
parts of adrenal gland
medulla and cortex
88
outer casing of adrenal gland
adrenal cortex structure
89
role of adrenal medulla in stress
respond to short term stress
90
role of adrenal cortex in stress
respond to long term stress
91
regulates the adrenal medulla
nervous system regulates this structure
92
regulates the adrenal cortex
endocrine system regulates this structure
93
hormones produced by adrenal medulla
epinephrine and norepinephrine
94
effects of epinephrine + norepinephrine release as relevant to blood sugar level
increase in blood sugar level
95
effect of short term stress response on cells
increases cell metabolism
96
effects of short term stress response on blood vessels
dilate
97
steroid hormone that controls blood glucose levels
glucocorticoids
98
steroid hormone relevant to regulation of salt-water balance
mineralocorticoids
99
main hormones produced by adrenal cortex
glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids, sex hormones
100
glands that affect metabolism
thyroid, parathyroid, anterior pituitary gland
101
role of thyroid gland
regulates body metabolism by controlling the rate of glucose oxidization
102
role of parathyroid glands
regulate calcium and phosphate levels in blood
103
produces growth hormone
in anterior pituitary gland
104
another name for growth hormone
another name for somatotropin
105
role of growth hormone
influences growth of long bones and accelerates protein synthesis
106
gland that produces thyroxine
thyroid gland produces this hormone
107
gland that produces tri-iodothyronine
thyroid gland produces this hormone
108
gland that produces calcitonin
thyroid gland produces this hormone
109
function of calcitonin
lower calcium level
110
how calcitonin works
increases calcium absorption of bone cells
111
term for high levels of T4
hyperthyroidism
112
occurs when sugar is not oxidized as relevant to fat
fat stores build up
113
gland that is not regulated by other glands
parathyroid gland
114
stimulated by TRH
TSH
115
role of TSH
cause thyroid gland to release thyroxine
116
role of thyroxine
increase metabolism
117
hormone release caused by low calcium levels
parathyroid hormone
118
effect of PTH on calcium
calcium in blood increases
119
effect of PTH on phosphate
phosphate levels decrease
120
effects of high levels on PTH (overall)
brittle bones and kidney stones
121
organs that PTH affects
kidneys, intestines, bones
122
hormone released by parathyroid glands
parathyroid hormone
123
effects of low secretion of HGH
dwarfism can be caused by this
124
effects of high secretion of HGH
| (-ism, long term)
gigantism can be caused by this
