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SBI4UP > genetics > Flashcards

genetics Flashcards

1
Q

person who worked with acetabularia (green algae)

A

hammerling

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2
Q

person who discovered that hereditary info is in the nucleus

A

hammerling

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3
Q

person who discovered transformation

A

griffith

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4
Q

person who discovered transformation - used pneumonia on rats

A

griffith

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5
Q

scientists who confirmed that DNA carries genetic code

A

avery, mccarty, macleod

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6
Q

scientists that used streptococcus in dna history

A

avery, mcleod, mccarty

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7
Q

scientists that used bacteriophage to confirm that DNA carries genetic code

A

hershey, chase

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8
Q

scientists that used radioisotopes of sulfur and phosphorus in DNA history

A

hershey and chase

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9
Q

person who discovered the alpha helical structure of proteins

A

pauling

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10
Q

person who discovered that purines pair with pyrimidines

A

chargaff

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11
Q

people involved in x ray diffraction

A

wilkins and franklin

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12
Q

built final model of DNA

A

watson and crick

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13
Q

small components of DNA

A

DNA is made up of nucleotides

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14
Q

3 components of nucleotides

A

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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15
Q

charge of phosphate group

A

negative

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16
Q

rings of purines

A

double ringed

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17
Q

rings of pyrimidines

A

single ringed

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18
Q

bonds between nucleotides

A

phosphodiester bonds

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19
Q

number of H bonds b/c GC

A

3 bonds

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20
Q

what is on the 5’ end

A

phosphate group

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21
Q

what is the conservative model

A

the wrong one

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22
Q

what is the semiconservative model

A

the right one - old nucleotide integrated into new nucleotide

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23
Q

enzymes that synthesize DNA strands

A

DNA polymerase III

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24
Q

number of types of DNA polymerases that prokaryotes have

A

3 different DNA polymerases

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25
Q

number of types of DNA polymerases that eukaryotes have

A

5 different DNA polymerases

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26
Q

direction of new DNA synthesis

A

5’-3’

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27
Q

direction of DNA reading

A

3’-5’

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28
Q

what does DNA primase do

A

anneals an RNA primer to template strand

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29
Q

direction of synthesis for leading strand

A

5’-3’ towards the fork

30
Q

role of SSB

A

keep DNA strands separate from each other to prevent H bonds from reforming

31
Q

enzyme that unwinds and cuts DNA

A

DNA gyrase

32
Q

role of DNA helicase

A

break H bonds b/w base pairs

33
Q

location where replication bubbles and anneal DNA meet

A

replication fork

34
Q

location at which SSBs bind

A

replication bubbles

35
Q

the enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces with nucleotides

A

DNA polymerase I

36
Q

role of DNA ligase

A

joins nucleotides added by DNA polymerase I to the ones added by DNA polymerase III

37
Q

name of short strands created on lagging strand by DNA polymerase III

A

Okazaki fragments

38
Q

occurs when DNA polymerase I or III detect mistakes

A

they back up, cut out the wrong nucleotide and replace it

39
Q

3 steps of DNA transcription

A

initiation, elongation, termination

40
Q

goal of transcription

A

DNA converted into mRNA

41
Q

where genes are located

A

in nucleus

42
Q

location of protein synthesis in the cell

A

cytoplasm of cell

43
Q

protein that DNA are wound around

A

histones

44
Q

what is a nucleosome

A

DNA strands wrapped around 8 histones

45
Q

what are linkers

A

stretches of DNA that connect nucleosomes

46
Q

what are introns

A

non coding region

47
Q

what are exons

A

coding region

48
Q

difference in bases for RNA vs DNA

A

RNA uses uracil instead of thymine

49
Q

number of H bonds between adenine and thymine

A

2

50
Q

base pair with 3 H bonds

A

guanine and cytosine

51
Q

how does DNA ligase join pieces

A

reforms phosphodiester linkage in DNA backbone

52
Q

special enzyme that joins blunt ends

A

T4 DNA ligase

53
Q

where does translation occur

A

cytoplasm

54
Q

where does the protein go post translation

A

smooth ER

55
Q

where does transcription occur

A

nucleus

56
Q

what is being converted to what in transcription

A

DNA to mRNA

57
Q

what is being converted to what in translation

A

mRNA to polypeptide chain

58
Q

what is the promoter region

A

region just above coding region

59
Q

in transcription, where does the polymerase bind

A

promoter region

60
Q

enzyme involved in transcription (the main one)

A

RNA polymerase

61
Q

what is the attachment site

A

where tRNA binds to amino acid

62
Q

2 important components of tRNA

A

anti codon, attachment site

63
Q

what is the anti-codon (in tRNA)

A

where tRNA interacts with mRNA

64
Q

what is the promoter region made of

A

TATA…

65
Q

in which direction are nucleotides added in transcription

A

5’-3’

66
Q

what is the purpose of 5’ capping (as relevant to leaving the nucleus)

A

protect mRNA from digestion by nucleases and phosphates

67
Q

what is the purpose of 5’ capping (as relevant to translation)

A

helps initiate

68
Q

what do spicesomes do

A

cut off introns

69
Q

which site does the tRNA first bind to in translation

A

P site

70
Q

what happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon

A

release protein recognizes, ribosome falls into 2 subunits and chain is released

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