genetics Flashcards
person who worked with acetabularia (green algae)
hammerling
person who discovered that hereditary info is in the nucleus
hammerling
person who discovered transformation
griffith
person who discovered transformation - used pneumonia on rats
griffith
scientists who confirmed that DNA carries genetic code
avery, mccarty, macleod
scientists that used streptococcus in dna history
avery, mcleod, mccarty
scientists that used bacteriophage to confirm that DNA carries genetic code
hershey, chase
scientists that used radioisotopes of sulfur and phosphorus in DNA history
hershey and chase
person who discovered the alpha helical structure of proteins
pauling
person who discovered that purines pair with pyrimidines
chargaff
people involved in x ray diffraction
wilkins and franklin
built final model of DNA
watson and crick
small components of DNA
DNA is made up of nucleotides
3 components of nucleotides
deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base
charge of phosphate group
negative
rings of purines
double ringed
rings of pyrimidines
single ringed
bonds between nucleotides
phosphodiester bonds
number of H bonds b/c GC
3 bonds
what is on the 5’ end
phosphate group
what is the conservative model
the wrong one
what is the semiconservative model
the right one - old nucleotide integrated into new nucleotide
enzymes that synthesize DNA strands
DNA polymerase III
number of types of DNA polymerases that prokaryotes have
3 different DNA polymerases
number of types of DNA polymerases that eukaryotes have
5 different DNA polymerases
direction of new DNA synthesis
5’-3’
direction of DNA reading
3’-5’
what does DNA primase do
anneals an RNA primer to template strand
direction of synthesis for leading strand
5’-3’ towards the fork
role of SSB
keep DNA strands separate from each other to prevent H bonds from reforming
enzyme that unwinds and cuts DNA
DNA gyrase
role of DNA helicase
break H bonds b/w base pairs
location where replication bubbles and anneal DNA meet
replication fork
location at which SSBs bind
replication bubbles
the enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces with nucleotides
DNA polymerase I
role of DNA ligase
joins nucleotides added by DNA polymerase I to the ones added by DNA polymerase III
name of short strands created on lagging strand by DNA polymerase III
Okazaki fragments
occurs when DNA polymerase I or III detect mistakes
they back up, cut out the wrong nucleotide and replace it
3 steps of DNA transcription
initiation, elongation, termination
goal of transcription
DNA converted into mRNA
where genes are located
in nucleus
location of protein synthesis in the cell
cytoplasm of cell
protein that DNA are wound around
histones
what is a nucleosome
DNA strands wrapped around 8 histones
what are linkers
stretches of DNA that connect nucleosomes
what are introns
non coding region
what are exons
coding region
difference in bases for RNA vs DNA
RNA uses uracil instead of thymine
number of H bonds between adenine and thymine
2
base pair with 3 H bonds
guanine and cytosine
how does DNA ligase join pieces
reforms phosphodiester linkage in DNA backbone
special enzyme that joins blunt ends
T4 DNA ligase
where does translation occur
cytoplasm
where does the protein go post translation
smooth ER
where does transcription occur
nucleus
what is being converted to what in transcription
DNA to mRNA
what is being converted to what in translation
mRNA to polypeptide chain
what is the promoter region
region just above coding region
in transcription, where does the polymerase bind
promoter region
enzyme involved in transcription (the main one)
RNA polymerase
what is the attachment site
where tRNA binds to amino acid
2 important components of tRNA
anti codon, attachment site
what is the anti-codon (in tRNA)
where tRNA interacts with mRNA
what is the promoter region made of
TATA…
in which direction are nucleotides added in transcription
5’-3’
what is the purpose of 5’ capping (as relevant to leaving the nucleus)
protect mRNA from digestion by nucleases and phosphates
what is the purpose of 5’ capping (as relevant to translation)
helps initiate
what do spicesomes do
cut off introns
which site does the tRNA first bind to in translation
P site
what happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon
release protein recognizes, ribosome falls into 2 subunits and chain is released
