genetics

Question 1

person who worked with acetabularia (green algae)

Answer 1

hammerling

Question 2

person who discovered that hereditary info is in the nucleus

Answer 2

hammerling

Question 3

person who discovered transformation

Answer 3

griffith

Question 4

person who discovered transformation - used pneumonia on rats

Answer 4

griffith

Question 5

scientists who confirmed that DNA carries genetic code

Answer 5

avery, mccarty, macleod

Question 6

scientists that used streptococcus in dna history

Answer 6

avery, mcleod, mccarty

Question 7

scientists that used bacteriophage to confirm that DNA carries genetic code

Answer 7

hershey, chase

Question 8

scientists that used radioisotopes of sulfur and phosphorus in DNA history

Answer 8

hershey and chase

Question 9

person who discovered the alpha helical structure of proteins

Answer 9

pauling

Question 10

person who discovered that purines pair with pyrimidines

Answer 10

chargaff

Question 11

people involved in x ray diffraction

Answer 11

wilkins and franklin

Question 12

built final model of DNA

Answer 12

watson and crick

Question 13

small components of DNA

Answer 13

DNA is made up of nucleotides

Question 14

3 components of nucleotides

Answer 14

deoxyribose sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Question 15

charge of phosphate group

Answer 15

negative

Question 16

rings of purines

Answer 16

double ringed

Question 17

rings of pyrimidines

Answer 17

single ringed

Question 18

bonds between nucleotides

Answer 18

phosphodiester bonds

Question 19

number of H bonds b/c GC

Answer 19

3 bonds

Question 20

what is on the 5’ end

Answer 20

phosphate group

Question 21

what is the conservative model

Answer 21

the wrong one

Question 22

what is the semiconservative model

Answer 22

the right one - old nucleotide integrated into new nucleotide

Question 23

enzymes that synthesize DNA strands

Answer 23

DNA polymerase III

Question 24

number of types of DNA polymerases that prokaryotes have

Answer 24

3 different DNA polymerases

Question 25

number of types of DNA polymerases that eukaryotes have

Answer 25

5 different DNA polymerases

Question 26

direction of new DNA synthesis

Answer 26

5'-3'

Question 27

direction of DNA reading

Answer 27

3'-5'

Question 28

what does DNA primase do

Answer 28

anneals an RNA primer to template strand

Question 29

direction of synthesis for leading strand

Answer 29

5'-3' towards the fork

Question 30

role of SSB

Answer 30

keep DNA strands separate from each other to prevent H bonds from reforming

Question 31

enzyme that unwinds and cuts DNA

Answer 31

DNA gyrase

Question 32

role of DNA helicase

Answer 32

break H bonds b/w base pairs

Question 33

location where replication bubbles and anneal DNA meet

Answer 33

replication fork

Question 34

location at which SSBs bind

Answer 34

replication bubbles

Question 35

the enzyme that removes the RNA primer and replaces with nucleotides

Answer 35

DNA polymerase I

Question 36

role of DNA ligase

Answer 36

joins nucleotides added by DNA polymerase I to the ones added by DNA polymerase III

Question 37

name of short strands created on lagging strand by DNA polymerase III

Answer 37

Okazaki fragments

Question 38

occurs when DNA polymerase I or III detect mistakes

Answer 38

they back up, cut out the wrong nucleotide and replace it

Question 39

3 steps of DNA transcription

Answer 39

initiation, elongation, termination

Question 40

goal of transcription

Answer 40

DNA converted into mRNA

Question 41

where genes are located

Answer 41

in nucleus

Question 42

location of protein synthesis in the cell

Answer 42

cytoplasm of cell

Question 43

protein that DNA are wound around

Answer 43

histones

Question 44

what is a nucleosome

Answer 44

DNA strands wrapped around 8 histones

Question 45

what are linkers

Answer 45

stretches of DNA that connect nucleosomes

Question 46

what are introns

Answer 46

non coding region

Question 47

what are exons

Answer 47

coding region

Question 48

difference in bases for RNA vs DNA

Answer 48

RNA uses uracil instead of thymine

Question 49

number of H bonds between adenine and thymine

Answer 49

2

Question 50

base pair with 3 H bonds

Answer 50

guanine and cytosine

Question 51

how does DNA ligase join pieces

Answer 51

reforms phosphodiester linkage in DNA backbone

Question 52

special enzyme that joins blunt ends

Answer 52

T4 DNA ligase

Question 53

where does translation occur

Answer 53

cytoplasm

Question 54

where does the protein go post translation

Answer 54

smooth ER

Question 55

where does transcription occur

Answer 55

nucleus

Question 56

what is being converted to what in transcription

Answer 56

DNA to mRNA

Question 57

what is being converted to what in translation

Answer 57

mRNA to polypeptide chain

Question 58

what is the promoter region

Answer 58

region just above coding region

Question 59

in transcription, where does the polymerase bind

Answer 59

promoter region

Question 60

enzyme involved in transcription (the main one)

Answer 60

RNA polymerase

Question 61

what is the attachment site

Answer 61

where tRNA binds to amino acid

Question 62

2 important components of tRNA

Answer 62

anti codon, attachment site

Question 63

what is the anti-codon (in tRNA)

Answer 63

where tRNA interacts with mRNA

Question 64

what is the promoter region made of

Answer 64

TATA...

Question 65

in which direction are nucleotides added in transcription

Answer 65

5'-3'

Question 66

what is the purpose of 5' capping (as relevant to leaving the nucleus)

Answer 66

protect mRNA from digestion by nucleases and phosphates

Question 67

what is the purpose of 5' capping (as relevant to translation)

Answer 67

helps initiate

Question 68

what do spicesomes do

Answer 68

cut off introns

Question 69

which site does the tRNA first bind to in translation

Answer 69

P site

Question 70

what happens when the ribosome reaches a stop codon

Answer 70

release protein recognizes, ribosome falls into 2 subunits and chain is released