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SBI4UP > (not all on exam) Cell Structure, Passive + Active Transport > Flashcards

(not all on exam) Cell Structure, Passive + Active Transport Flashcards

1
Q

what do all cells do?

4 points

A

digest nutrients
excrete waste
synthesize chemicals
reproduce

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2
Q

what is

cell theory

3 points

A

all life composed of 1+ cells
cell is the smallest unit of life
cells can only come from other cells that already exist

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3
Q

common features of all cells

2 points (organelles)

A

cell membrane
cytoplasm

for most cells: presence of nucleus + DNA

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4
Q

classifying cells

A

prokaryote, eukaryote

depends on type of nucleus

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5
Q

what is

cytoplasm

A

everything within the cell membrane, excluding nucleus

includes liquid and organelles

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6
Q

what is

cytosol

A

liquid part inside cell

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7
Q

extension of nuclear membrane

A

rough ER

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8
Q

role of nucleus (if the mitochondria is the powerhouse then what is the nucleus)

A

directs cell activities

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9
Q

hereditary information is stored in…?

A

nucleus (chromosomes (DNA))

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10
Q

chromosomes store

A

genes

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11
Q

purpose of

genes

A

has instructions on making a specific protein

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12
Q

nuclear envelope is made of

A

2 lipid bilayers

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13
Q

what do plant cells have that animal cells don’t

A

chloroplast, central vacuole

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14
Q

present in animal cells and not plant cells

A

centrioles

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15
Q

nuclear membrane is made of

A

1 lipid bilayer

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16
Q

property of

nuclear membrane

A

selectively permeable

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17
Q

embedded in nuclear membrane

A

proteins, e.g. receptors, transporters

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18
Q

can cross the nuclear membrane freely

A

water + some gasses

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19
Q

where are ribosomes assembled

A

nucleolus

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20
Q

what is the nucleolus

physical characteristics + position

A

dense, dark region within the nucleus

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21
Q

function of nucleolus

A

assemble subunits of ribosomes from proteins + RNA

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22
Q

what is the nucleoplasm

A

semifluid interior portion of the nucleus

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23
Q

chromatin is

A

all DNA molecules and associated proteins in the nucleus

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24
Q

what is the endomembrane system

A

a group of interacting organelles b/w the nucleus and cell membrane

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25
Q

function of endomembrane system

A

make lipids, enzymes, proteins for use in cell

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26
Q

main organelles involved in endomembrane system

A

nucleus, ER, vesicles, golgi body

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27
Q

physical description of ER

A

lots of folds, shaped like flattened sacs + tubes

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28
Q

ER

A

endoplasmic reticulum

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29
Q

rough ER vs smooth ER

physical characteristics

A

rough ER covered in ribosomes

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30
Q

rough ER function

A

polypeptide chains are folded and take on their final complex structure (occurs in the interior of the ER)

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31
Q

function of ribosomes on rough ER

A

synthesize polypeptide chains

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32
Q

function of smooth ER

A

contains enzymes that produce lipids, break down material

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33
Q

example of material broken down by smooth ER

A

carbs, fatty acids, some drugs + poisons

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34
Q

what are vesicles

A

sac-like organelles

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35
Q

how do vesicles form

A

bud from other organelles or cell membrane

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36
Q

examples of vesicles

3 points

A

peroxisomes, vacuoles, lysosomes

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37
Q

organelles without a membrane

2 points

A

ribosome, centriole

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38
Q

purpose of transport vesicles

A

transport substances within a cell, or release them from the cell

secretory vesicles release substances, transport vesicles transport subs

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39
Q

golgi body physical characteristics

A

folded membrane, looks like a stack of flat sacs

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40
Q

function of golgi body

A

finalize peptide chains and lipids (from ER)
transport products using vesicles

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41
Q

how does the golgi body modify peptide chains + lipids

A

enzymes ! may attach phosphate groups or sugars, or cut chains

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42
Q

function of nucleus

A

protect + control access to DNA

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43
Q

where are lipids synthesized

A

smooth ER

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44
Q

organelle that generates ATP

A

mitochondria

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45
Q

function of chloroplast

A

produce sugars using light energy, CO2 and H2O

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46
Q

function of peroxisome

A

digest fatty acids and amino acids

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47
Q

function of vacuoles

A

isolate and dispose of waste, debris, toxic materials

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48
Q

function of lysosomes

A

carry out intracellular digestion and waste disposal using powerful digestive enzymes

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49
Q

which organelle inactivates toxins

A

peroxisome

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50
Q

which organelle aids in storage, and contains waste?

A

vacuole

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51
Q

purpose of vacuole unique to plants

A

maintain cell size and shape

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52
Q

function of centriole

A

produces microtubules for cytoskeleton, involved in cell division

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53
Q

function + composition of cilia

A

movement, made of microtubules

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54
Q

function of flagella

A

movement

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55
Q

properties of cell membrane

A

fluid, selectively permeable

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56
Q

name of structure of cell membrane

A

fluid mosaic model

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57
Q

cell membrane is made up of (molecule)

A

phospholipid molecules

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58
Q

cell membrane general structure

A

2 layers - bilayer

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59
Q

each layer of the cell membrane is called

A

a leaflet

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60
Q

intracellular

A

inside cell

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61
Q

something on the outside leaflet of the cell membrane is called

A

extracellular

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62
Q

a watery environment is

A

polar

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63
Q

molecule that forms membranes around all organelles

A

phospholipids

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64
Q

another name for intrinsic protein

A

integral protein

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65
Q

meaning of

transmembrane

A

spans the entire width of the bilayer

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66
Q

function of integral proteins

4 points

A

structural support, recognition, communication, transport

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67
Q

proteins responsible for recognition

within the cell membrane

e.g. in immune system

A

intrinsic proteins and glycoproteins

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68
Q

proteins responsible for communication

within the cell membrane

A

intrinsic and glycoproteins

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69
Q

proteins responsible for structural support

within the cell membrane (maintain shape)

A

integral and peripheral

peripheral provides support for other proteins

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70
Q

function of glycoproteins

A

attachment site for other cells
communication + recognition of proteins

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71
Q

proteins responsible for transport

within cell membrane

regulate molecules coming in and out of cell

A

integral proteins

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72
Q

types of proteins embedded in cell membrane

3 points

A

integral/intrinsic, glyco-, peripheral proteins

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73
Q

membrane protein classification

2 classes

A

polytopic, monotopic

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74
Q

definition of polytopic

A

faces both sides of the membrane

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75
Q

what is a glycoprotein

A

protein containing a sugar/carb bound to an amino acid

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76
Q

what is an integral protein

A

a protein embedded in the lipid bilary

typically transmembrane

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77
Q

single pass

polytopic protein

A

crosses membrane once

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78
Q

protein that crosses the cell membrane multiple times

A

multi-pass

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79
Q

monotopic

A

does not span entire bilayer, only on 1 leaflet/side

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80
Q

examples of transmembrane proteins

A

receptor, recognition, transport

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81
Q

attached to glycoproteins

A

carbohydrate groups

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82
Q

example of non transmembrane proteins

1

A

peripheral proteins

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83
Q

how are peripheral proteins bound to the membrane?

A

non-covalently

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84
Q

function of intracellular peripheral proteins

A

communication

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85
Q

function of extracellular periipheral proteins

A

structural support

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86
Q

receptor protein function

A

usu used as signalling molecules

87
Q

how do receptor proteins work

A

ligand binds to binding site

88
Q

example of recognition protein

A

glycoprotein - carb group helps identify cells

89
Q

2 types of transport proteins

A

channel, carrier/pump

90
Q

2 types of channel proteins

A

ungated/leak, gated

91
Q

how do channel proteins work

A

no energy required, move small molecules/charged ions through tunnel-like proteins

92
Q

ungated channels are

A

always opened

93
Q

gated proteins

A

have open and closed conformations

94
Q

how do gated proteins open/close

A

stimulated by changes in environment

95
Q

carrier proteins vs channel proteins

A

carrier undergo conformational changes

96
Q

what type of transport are carrier proteins involved in

A

passive and active

97
Q

intracellular peripheral proteins are attached to

A

cell cytoskeleton, anchored/immobile on membrane

98
Q

what is the cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

99
Q

property of cytoskeleton

A

dynamic, easily dismantled and reassembled

100
Q

3 components of cytoskeleton

A

microfilament, intermediate filament, microtubules

101
Q

microfilaments made of

A

2 intertwined strands of actin

102
Q

intermediate filaments made of

A

fibrous protein supercoiled

103
Q

microtubules made of

A

hollow tube of 13 tubulin columns

104
Q

microfilament functions (2)

A

maintain cell shape, muscle contraction

105
Q

intermediate filament function

A

anchor organelles and cytosolic proteins

106
Q

microtubule functions (2)

A

path for organelle/vesicle/chromosome movement, cell motility

107
Q

organelles involved in cell motility

A

cilia, flagella

108
Q

ecm made of

A

glycoproteins secreted by cells

109
Q

function of extracellular matrix (3 points)

A

cell signalling, anchors cell - supports cell structure, separates tissue

110
Q

where are carbs found (cell membrane)

A

extracellular side of the membrane

111
Q

glycolipid

A

carb + lipid (or phospholipid)

112
Q

function of carbs in cell membrane

A

identify the cell, act as a signaller for communication between cells

113
Q

where is cholesterol found in the cell membrane

A

within fatty acid tails of bilayer

114
Q

function of cholesterol in cell membrane

A

stabilize membrane

115
Q

what affects fluidity of membrane

A

cholesterol, temperature, saturation of fatty acids, hydrophobic restrictions

116
Q

how does saturation of fatty acids affect membrane fluidity

A

unsaturated = more fluid (kinks), saturated = viscous (packed too tightly)

117
Q

5 types of mvmt w/i membrane

A

lateral diffusion, rotation, swing, flexion, transverse diffusion/flip flop

118
Q

what is lateral diffusion

A

phospholipids transpose with neighbouring molecules (same leaflet)

119
Q

what is swing (phospholipids)

A

tails move from side to side

120
Q

what is flexion (phospholipids)

A

contractions

121
Q

what is transverse diffusion

A

phospholipids move from 1 leaflet to the other

122
Q

flipase

A

facilitates transverse diffusion

123
Q

2 useful properties of cholesterol

A

large molecule size, non polar

124
Q

how does cholesterol stabilize the membrane

A

large size interrupts intermolecular forces, non polarity stabilizes hydrophobic interactions + fills in kinks for unsaturated phospholipids

125
Q

large size of cholesterol is more significvant

A

at low temperatures

126
Q

non polarity of cholesterol is more significant

A

at high temperatures

127
Q

importance of transverse motion being rare

A

helps maintain membrane asymmetry

128
Q

2 types of cell junctions/cell adhesions

A

channel-forming, occluding

129
Q

what are gap junctions

A

membrane proteins line up and form a channel, creates gaps that connects animal cells

130
Q

occluding/tight junctions

A

form impermeable barriers between cells

131
Q

homeostasis

A

constant internal environment is maintained despite changes in external environment

132
Q

maintaining cellular environments is similar to

A

homeostasis in the body

133
Q

2 forms of cellular transport

A

active, passive

134
Q

3 types of passive transport

A

diffusion, osmosis, facilitated diffusion

135
Q

simple diffusion

A

occurs directly through lipid bilayer

136
Q

facilitated diffusion

A

occurs through a channel or carrier protein

137
Q

molecules that go through facilitated diffusion

A

typically ions

138
Q

proteins that facilitate osmosis

A

aquaporins

139
Q

kmt full word

A

kinetic molecular theory

140
Q

what is the kmt (3 points)

A

particles in constant random motion
particles collide, bounce off e/o, spread out
molecular collisions cause diffusion

141
Q

another name for constant random motion

A

brownian motion

142
Q

diffusion occurs until

A

equilibrium achieved

143
Q

characteristics of molecules that go through simple diffusion

A

small, neutral molecules (e.g. O2 CO2)

144
Q

concentration gradient relevance to diffusion

A

particles move from high concentration areas to low concentration areas

145
Q

after equilibrium has been reached

A

molecules continue to move across the membrane, concentrations stay the same, no net mvmt

146
Q

3 factors that affect diffusion

A

concentration, temperature, pressure

147
Q

concentration effects on diffusion

A

increased concentration = increased speed of diffusion - more molecules = more collisions

148
Q

how can diffusion rate increase

A

more collisions b/w molecules

149
Q

temperature effects on diffusion

A

increased temperature = increased rate of diffusion

150
Q

pressure effects on diffusion

A

increased pressure = increased rate of diffusion

151
Q

3 types of solutions

A

hyper-, hypo-, isotonic

152
Q

tonicity is

A

the osmotic pressure due to a diff. in concentration across a semi-permeable membrane

153
Q

tonicity is affected by

A

solutes unable to cross the membrane

154
Q

hypertonic solution definition

A

concentration of solute is higher outside than inside the cell

155
Q

hypotonic solution definition

A

concentration of solute is lower outside than inside the cell

156
Q

isotonic solution definition

A

concentration of solute is equal outside and inside the cell

157
Q

shriveled cells were

A

placed in a hypertonic solution

158
Q

lysed cells were

A

placed in a hypotonic solution

159
Q

flaccid plant cells were

A

placed in an isotonic solution

160
Q

tonicity related terms that only apply to plants

A

turgid, flaccid

161
Q

water mvmt in hypertonic solution

A

water diffuses outwards

162
Q

water mvmt in hypotonic solution

A

water diffuses inwards

163
Q

water mvmt in isotonic solution

A

water diffuses in and out at an equal rate

164
Q

what happens to cells in a hypertonic solution

A

shriveled, plasmolyzed

165
Q

what happens to cells in a hypotonic solution

A

lysed

166
Q

what happens to rbc in hypertonic solution

A

crenation

167
Q

what happens to rbc in hypotonic solution

A

hemolysis

168
Q

crenation occurs when

A

hypertonic solution, higher solute concentration outside of cell

169
Q

hemolysis occurs when

A

hypotonic solution, higher solute concentration inside of cell

170
Q

is facilitated diffusion active or passive

A

passive

171
Q

example of molecules that use facilitated diffusion

A

K+ Na+ Cl-

172
Q

moleculues that use facilitated diffusion

A

larger hydrophilic molecules

173
Q

speed of facilitated diffusion depends on

A

proteins available, not concentration gradient

174
Q

aquaporin charge

A

inside ins positively charged, outside is neutral

175
Q

why do ions use channel proteins

A

have trouble crossing hydrophobic core

176
Q

function of aquaporins

A

speed up diffusion of water

177
Q

carrier proteins (active or passive)

A

passive

178
Q

pumps (active or passive)

A

active

179
Q

molecules that use carrier proteins

A

charged particles + large uncharged molecules (e.g. K+, glucose)

180
Q

moving against the concentration gradient requires

A

active transport

181
Q

active transport requires

A

energy from breakdown of atp

182
Q

atp full word

A

adenosine triphosphate

183
Q

atp rxn

A

atp -> adp + 1 inorganic phosphate + energy

184
Q

coupling pumps means

A

transporting 2 molecules against the gradient at the same time

185
Q

types of coupled transport

A

symport, antiport

186
Q

example of a frequently used pump

A

sodium potassium pump

187
Q

sodium potassium pump mechanics

A

3Na+ out of cell, 2K+ into cell - pump oscillates b/w conformational states

188
Q

in a Na-K pump, which molecules move in/out of the cell

A

Na+ out of cell, K+ into cell

189
Q

mvmt of ATP for a Na-K pump

A

atp split into adp + p (p stuck at pump) for Na+ to leave, K+ binding from outside triggers release of p which restores the original conformation

190
Q

process of protein changing its conformation

A

phosphorylation

191
Q

Na-K pump actual uses

A

nerve impulse conduction

192
Q

2 types of bulk transport

A

endocytosis, exocytosis

193
Q

bulk transport is used for

A

very large or very polar molecules - e.g. proteins, polysaccharides

194
Q

3 types of endocytosis

A

phagocytosis, pinocytosis, receptor-mediated

195
Q

process of endocytosis

A

cell engulfs extracellular fluid, folds into plasma membrane, pinched off inside, vesicle usu fuses w lysosome

196
Q

pseudopod

A

extension of cell that wraps around particles

197
Q

what is a phagosome

A

vacuole with food particles enclosed in it

198
Q

what is a phagolysosome

A

phagosome fused with lysosome

199
Q

why does the phagosome fuse with a lysosome

A

lysosome digests particles using hydrolytic enzymes

200
Q

what happens after the lysosome has digested the food particles (in the phagolysosome)

A

indigestible material left in the vacuole (now called residual body) removed via exocytosis

201
Q

what is a phagocyte

A

white blood cell specialized for protecting the body by ingesting foreign substances

202
Q

purpose of phagocytosis

A

defense mechanism, form of feeeding

203
Q

lysosome enzymes work best at what pH

A

pH of 5

204
Q

how is lysosome pH maintained

A

pumping H+ into the lumen

205
Q

why is lysosome pH different from cytosol pH

A

so that the enzymes do not break down the cell if they’re released

206
Q

pinocytosis

A

phagocytosis but liquid

207
Q

what is a ligand

A

a molecule that binds to a receptor

208
Q

where are receptor proteins usually found

A

clustered in coated pits

209
Q

which proteins help form vesicles for endocytosis

A

coat proteins - help with pinching

210
Q

what is receptor mediated endocytosis

A

intake of molecules that bind specifically to a receptor

211
Q

process of receptor mediated endocytosis

A

ligand bind to receptor, membrane pinches, ligand splits from receptor, ligand fuse with lysosome

212
Q

what is a coated vesicle

A

vesicle containing ligands, receptors and coat proteins

213
Q

organelle involved in exocytosis

A

golgi body (or the vesicle is from endocytosis in which case no organelle is involved)

214
Q

function of exocytosis (3 points)

A

secretion, recycling membrane proteins, restoring cell membrane - keeping SA of membrane constant

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