Not Flashcards
The rulebook for America’s government and how it works
Constitution
Right claimed by the Supreme Court in Marbury vs Madison, it set the precedent that the Court gets to interpret our laws before they get carried out
Judicial Review
Roger Sherman’s brilliant idea to combine the New Jersey and Virginia plans into our Constitution
Great Compromise
Document signed in 1215 that limited King John’s powers. it later inspired our separation of powers in our national government
Magna Carta
A change to our Constitution, we currently have 27
Amendment
President #5, he spoke out to the world about interfering in our neighborhood
James Monroe
Someone who supported the US Constitution and believed in a strong central government to keep the new USA together
Federalist
List of natural rights included in our Constitution to convince the Anti-Federalists to go along and ratify
Bill of Rights
Author of the Virginia Plan and Constitution and the President #4
James Madison
1776 statement, issued by the Second Continental Congress, explaining why the colonies wanted independence from Britain.
Declaration of Independence
Explorer who traveled through Suwannee Country
Hernando de Soto
Route across Atlantic used to bring slaves from Africa to the Americas
Middle Passage
First attempt at creating a national government
Articles of Confederation
Writer of the Declaration, 1st Secretary of State, President #3
Thomas Jefferson
Territory in North America formerly held by France, it’s greatest real estate deal in history
Louisiana Purchase
Our government is separated into these three to keep any of them from becoming too powerful
Branches of Government
Interaction between Europe and North America that changed the world forever
Colombian Exchange
Spanish explorer trying to conquer new lands and peoples
Conquistador
A group of folks whose job is to help the President make decisions
President Cabinet
Someone who believed that state government should have more power in a country than the national government
Anti-Federalists
These keep the three branches of government in line, by allowing each branch to hold up action by the others
Checks and balances
The city where both the Continental Congresses and the Constitutional Convention were held
Philadelphia
Killed more folks than Spanish weapons, resulted in the creation of the African slave trade
Diseases
First in war, first in peace, and first in the hearts of his countryment or the U.S.A. may have started off on the wrong foot, President #1
George Washington
This act contradicted our right to free speech, and made President #2 look bad
Sedition Act
The era during which deep thinkers developed ideas about natural rights that we expanded upon in our Declaration of Independence
Enlightenment
Only one of the first 5 Presidents who served a single term, thanks in part to his feuding with Jefferson
John Adams
An early law passed to keep immigrants in line
Alien Act
Advantages with Columbian Exchange to people of America
New animals, like pigs, horses, mules, sheep, and cattle. New food
Advantages with Columbian Exchange to Europe
Learned from Indians how they can grow crops from America, in their own way (ex. Maize and potatoes)
Oldest city in America
St. Augustine
Oldest English settlement in America
Jamestown, Virginia
Forced them to convert them to Christianity, or use the Indians as slaves until they died
Relationship between Spain and the Indians
Relationship between France and the Indians
the French found fortune in furs when the American Indians exchanged beaver pelts for European-made metal axes, knives, and kettles
Relationship between England and the Indians
it was war between the two
This was added to the proposed Constitution to get the southern states to agree to ratify and get our government working
3/5 Clause (Compromise)
Who killed President Lincoln?
John Wilkes ‘Booth’
What the Confederate states believed was appropriate once Lincoln won the election in 1860?
Secession
This General was as hard to get around as the object he’s named for
Stonewall Jackson
What was the site of the first battle of the Civil War
Fort Sumter
The style of attack when the enemy is surrounded and cut off from supplies or assistance, used at Vicksburg
Siege
What two European nations the South hoped to get on their side
England and France
Who was the Union General who irritated Lincoln with his lack of aggression?
General McClellan
Who are the people who spoke out about and tried to end slavery?
Abolitionists
Who were the states who lost the Civil War?
Confederate States of America
What killed more soldiers during the Civil war rather than bullets?
Diseases
The style of attack against military and civilian targets. designed to weaken the enemy and destroy their capability to fight back
Total war
What city surrendered by the success of the Anaconda Plan?
Vicksburg
What Union General was known for using total war to destroy Georgia and help bring down the South?
General William ‘Sherman’
What was the early battle in Tennessee that gave General Grant the reputation for winning no matter how many casualties were inflicted?
The Battle of Shiloh
Who was a member of Lincoln’s assassination conspiracy who once lived in Live Oak?
Lewis Powell
What was the first big victory for the South, and was also another win for the South later on?
Bull Run
What the nation finally became, after the war was won by the North?
United States of America
What act from 1850 made escaping slavery in America nearly impossible?
Fugitive Slave Act
Who was the lady who saved many lives and founded the American Red Cross?
Clara Barton
What was the declaration that freed slaves in the South?
Emancipation proclamation
What were the states that were in the middle of the controversies in Civil War?
Border states
Who was the man who went overboard multiple times to try and end slavery?
John Brown
What is a blockade?
When a passage into or out of an area is interfered or blocked
What was the capital city of the Confederate States of America?
Richmond, Virginia
What method did the North use to cut off southern ports and weaken the Confederacy by controlling the Mississippi River?
Anaconda Plan
What method did the North use to cut off southern ports and weaken the Confederacy by controlling the Mississippi River?
Anaconda Plan
What amendment ended slavery in America
Thirteenth Amendment
What General was known for his willingness to expand lives in order to win?
Ulysses S. Grant
Who was known to lead hundreds of slaves to freedom on the Underground?
Harriet Tubman (known as ‘Black Moses’)
Who was the President of the Confederate States of America
Jefferson Davis
What was one of the South’s biggest advantages during the war?
General Robert E. Lee
What is it called when mutual agreements that took place in Congress between abolitionists and slave-supporting folks, never worked out and eventually led to war?
Compromise’s
The slave that was told he could never hope to be anything else, and Congress couldn’t do anything about it
Dred Scott (Decision)
What soldiers formed the 54th Massachusetts unit?
African Americans
What was the name of the warships used for the first time in the Civil War, and what describes the way they were covered to deflect enemy fire?
Iron clads
What was the legal right that Lincoln decided to ignore during the protests throughout the Civil War; meaning “produce the body” in Latin?
Habeas corpus
What was a way (routes) to escape to freedom for slaves from the South?
Underground Railroad
What battle was the bloodiest single day of the war?
The Battle of Antietam
What battle was the ‘greatest battle of the war,’ and resulted in 50,000-plus casualties (deaths)?
The Battle of Gettysburg
What was the issue that split America apart?
Slavery
*Opened New Mexico and Utah territories to slavery by applying popular sovereignty
*Ended the slave trade in Washington D.C.
*Strict Fugitive Slave Act (forced all Americans to return fugitive slaves to their masters or face arrest
The outcomes of the Compromise of 1850
Political policy that permitted the residents of federal territories to decide on whether to enter the union as free or slave states
Popular sovereignty
The fighting between proslavery and antislavery forces
“Bleeding” Kansas
*Lincoln won the election, with 40 percent of the popular vote and almost 60 percent of the electoral vote
*The split of the Democratic Party (Democratic and Southern-Democratic)
1860 Election
Founded by antislavery Democrats, Whigs, Free-Soilers, and Know-Nothing; To oppose the expansion of slavery into the territories
Founders of the Republican Party and their purpose
First Presidential Candidate for the Republican Party
John C Fremont (not Lincoln)
Lincoln’s inaugural address to the South
“I have no purpose, directly or indirectly, to interfere with the institution of slavery in the states where it exists”
Which state seceded from the U.S. first and why?
South Carolina because they describe the President as “who opinions and purposes are hostile to slavery”
Why did 11 states eventually try to leave the U.S.A.?
Southern States believed that they had to take that step to protect their property and their way of life
They hoped to win formal recognition from England/Britain and France so that they provide military aid to them, and to trade with them, in exchange to stop the importing of slaves
Confederate States
*Larger railroad networks
*Navy to do blockades
*Manufacturing (factories)
*European immigrants working in factories
*Lincoln’s leadership, with an established government
Advantages for the North
*Strong military traditions
*Psychological (fight or die)
*War attrition
*Fighting happened mostly in the South
*Playing defensively during the war
*North devoted their military resources to defend Washington D.C. (the Union capital was near a Confederate State)
*Robert E. Lee and the military leaders
Advantages for the South
Why did the war last so long if the North had so many advantages?
The North struggled to find a commander of such caliber. They lacked military leaders with great experience
Why did Lincoln deliver the Emancipation Proclamation?
He hoped the proclamation might convince some southern states to surrender before the January 1 deadline
Why was the first large battle at Bull Run so surprising?
It proved a shock to those who had hoped the war would end quickly– and who were unprepared for the carnage modern warfare could produce
Outcome at the 2nd Battle at Bull Run
Lee’s Confederate’s handed the Union a crushing defeat. The battle energized Lee and led to Lincoln to call McClellan back to commander
What was important about the port in New Orleans?
Once they seized the New Orleans port, they can continue to sail north, hoping to capture the Confederate’s stronghold of Vicksburg, Mississippi (part of the Anaconda Plan)
What was the next thing a soldier had to worry about if he survived being wounded in the Civil War?
Worry about their lives in camps. It presented dangers like: poor drinking and lack of sanitation often led to a rapid spread of illness. That led towards death in most cases
Ways women participated during the Civil War
*Taking over the jobs the soldiers once had (ex: businesses, farms, plantations)
*A few women masqueraded as men to join the battle
*African American women in the South served as spies and guards
*Some women, like Clara Barton, developed interest in nursing, to assist returning soldiers and their families
What was important about the timing of the Emancipation Proclamation?
After the Union failure at the Second Battle of Bull Run, such a proclamation might look like an act of desperation. Weeks later, the Union won the battle of Antietam, and Lincoln had gotten the victory he needed to move forward with the emancipation
Bloodiest day of the war?
Battle of Antietam
Bloodiest battle of the war?
Battle of Gettysburg
Ways that African-Americans participate in the Civil War
*African American troops were usually assigned the simple tasks, such as cooking, cleaning or digging latrines
*African Americans volunteered to be part of the fighting to end slavery (ex: 54th Massachusetts Regiment, respected for their discipline, and courage in a battle at Fort Wagner in Charleston harbor)
*Due to plantation owners putting their trust on slaves to manage their farms, the Union took advantage of that and enlisted them to produce food for the Union Armies
*Other African Americans used their familiarity with the terrain to serve as spies or scouts for Union Armies
What was significant about the fighting at Vicksburg, Mississippi?
Union General Grant wanted Vicksburg to be placed under siege, which ended up working. But before, Vicksburg was hard to capture, with the city’s western being guarded by Confederate gunners, they could rain deadly fire on any gunboats that might approach. Also, Vicksburg’s location also protected it from attacks by land
What happened the last time the South tried to invade and attack the North?
The Battle of Gettysburg was the last time the South invaded the North. The South tried to capture Gettysburg, but failed due to the Union army having the higher ground and seeing every move the South made. Out of the 50,000 dead and wounded, about half were Confederates– nearly a third of Lee’s fighting force. The South had suffered a crushing defeat
Difference between a siege and total war
Total war targets civilians, but a siege does not
What was the turning point in the war Between the States?
The Battle of Gettysburg
Why is General William Tecumseh Sherman still hated by the southerners?
Throughout the journey, he striked military and civilian targets, destroyed materials and crops that enemy forces might be able to use, destroyed railroads and factories to damage the local economy, etc. (he used the total war strategy). That’s why the South hates him
What happened to African-Americans in the south when the Civil War ended?
Some African Americans went west to take advantage of the Homestead Act; some went North to find jobs at factories. They were now free from slavery
The foremost African American abolitionist journalist, and orator of his time, traveled the Untied States and spoke about against slavery
Frederick Douglas
The time period of economic, industrial, population, and creative growth that made the USA to become a stable country
Industrialization Revolution
Idea that Andrew Carnegie believed the wealthy had an obligation to use their money to benefit society
Gospel of wealth
A corporation becomes so successful by eliminating all its competition and has complete control over a certain product or service
Monopoly/trust
The labor union founded by S. Gomper and focused to get better wages, hours, and working conditions for its skilled workers
American Federation of Labor
What are the dark, dirty, hot, and crowded workplaces?
Sweatshops
The system that factories used to create lots of stuff at low prices, which helped our economy grow
Mass production
The integration involves buying up your competition to create a giant company. And it lowered production costs
Horizontal integration
The idea that if you are successful you are a better person than those who are not
Social Darwinism
People that invest in another’s product or business with the expectation of making profits
Entrepreneur
People that fund public cultural and educational facilities, and charities to help the less fortunate
Philanthropy
Type of society where everyone shares equally in resources and rewards, and no one owns any property or income of their own
Socialism
Shrewd businessmen who sometimes squeezed out their competition using unfair practices
Robber barons
The act that eventually led to the break up of many monopolies
Sherman Antitrust Act
The first labor union created to help all workers of any trade, focused on broad social reforms, but its membership disappeared after an ugly incident in Haymarket Square, Chicago
Knights of Labor
The new type of bridge built with the new cables made of steel
Suspension bridges
This allowed businesses in America to grow and develop with little interference from government regulations
Laissez faire policies
A way to improve on a product, rather than creating something new
Innovation
The incident of violence that led to the disappearance of the Knights of Labor
Haymarket Riot
The type of integration that helps a company keep its costs down by owning all steps in the chain of production
Vertical integration
The term of starting with little money or resources, but rising above and working hard to achieve success and wealth
Rags to riches
A business with multiple owners
Corporation
The process of purifying iron to make stronger, lighter steel
Bessemer process
What was the industry regulated by the Interstate Commerce Commission, because it was fixing rates and creating secret agreements
Railroad industry
What are the shares in a company called
Stocks
The tactic developed to help groups of workers assert their power with their bosses or company owners
Collective bargaining
What are protective tariffs and how it relates to industrialization
They are taxes that raise the prices of imported goods; to make American products more attractive to consumers.
Shrewd businessman responsible for new business practices and many jobs, who used his wealth to help society
Captains of industry
What is a labor union
term for organized labor groups
The 4-year event that led America into a period of growth because of its demands
Civil War
What helps ensure safety, efficiency, and uniformity in transportation
Time zones
Wealthiest robber baron - OR captain of industry who ever lived
John D. Rockefeller
Case that declared the power and duties of the Supreme Court
Marbury v. Madison
President #2, only served one term
John Adams
These encouraged creative people to keep inventing and innovating, and getting rich from it.
Patents
The country that the United States beat before they started taking them seriously
England
Dark, dirty, hot, crowded, unsafe workplaces
Sweatshops
The president that held the nation together during the Civil War
Lincoln
The person that made many of the advances and inventions from the late 1800’s
Thomas Edison
The word for the elimination of slavery, it finally happened after the Civil War ended
Abolition
The action taken by the Southern states when they broke off and started their own nation
Secede (Secession)
Place where immigrants first landed when they arrived from Europe
Ellis Island
Place where immigrants first landed when they arrived from Asia
Angel Island
President #3, made the Lousiana Purchase
Thomas Jefferson
First President of the United States
George Washington
Where did the Civil War officially ended
Appomattox, Virginia
Process of assimilation for immigrants, which helped the U.S. become a “melting pot”
Americanization
Growth in the number of cities, and the populations within cities
Urbanization
This kind of railroad is what led to the spiral of growth in all industries, cities, and expansion during the late 1800’s
Transcontinental railroad
The people that we can thank for lots of good food and cool traditions, they helped make America a superpower country
immigrants
U.S. governments policy of not interfering in the economy or in social problems
laissez-faire
These articles were the United States’ first attempt of a government
Articles of Confederation
Feelings of extreme prejudice against foreign-born people
Nativism
Type of government we have, where powers are shared among the states and the national government
Federalism
Interaction between Europe and North America that would change the world forever
Columbian Exchange
Another word for ‘trust,’ complete control of a product or service
Monopoly
The idea that if you are rich and successful, you are a better person than those who are not
Social Darwinism
Conquistador who traveled through Suwanne County
Hernando de Soto
President #5
James Monroe
The type of integration that turns into a monopoly if left unchecked; involves buying up your competition to create a giant company
Horizontal Integration
Worst accommodations for the poor folks on ships, how most immigrants traveled to come to America
Steerage
The Act of Congress that shut down immigration from Asia for decades
Chinese Exclusion Act
Crowded, dirty, inexpensive housing near factories for the urban poor
Tenements
The huge battle site, over 3 days more Americans died than in any other battle
Gettysburg
The time period of economic, industrial, population, and creative growth that made the USA to become a stable country
Industrialization
When human labor is replaced by a machine (technology)
Technological unemployment
The idea the North had for defeating the South
Anaconda Plan
Style of attack against military and civilian targets, which was designed to weaken the enemy and destroy any chance of fighting back
Total war
Name of the slave who got smacked down by the Supreme Court
Dred Scott
