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ENT > Nose, throat and tonsil pathology > Flashcards

Nose, throat and tonsil pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What should you not use to diagnosis rhino or sinusitis?

A

XR

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2
Q

What two broad categories of rhino/sinusitis are there?

A

Infective

Non-infective

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3
Q

What can cause infective rhino/sinusitis?

A

Common cold mainly

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4
Q

What are some symptoms of infective rhino/sinusitis?

A

Facial pain
Discharge
Nasal blockage

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5
Q

How do you treat infective rhino/sinusitis?

A

Decongestants
Analgesics
Antibiotics- if chronic

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6
Q

What two categories of non-infective rhino/sinusitis are there?

A

Allergic

Non-allergic

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7
Q

What can cause non-allergic rhino/sinusitis?

A

Polyps

Vasomotor rhinitis

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8
Q

What kind of reaction is allergic rhino/sinusitis?

A

IgE mediated Type 1 HS

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9
Q

How do you treat allergic rhino/sinusitis?

A

Avoidance
Antihistamines
Topical steroids
Combination

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10
Q

What are nasal polyps?

A

Swellings of the nasal mucosa

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11
Q

What can cause nasal polyps?

A 
Infection
Allergic
Asthma
Aspirin
Nickel exposure
CF
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12
Q

How do you treat nasal polyps?

A

oral steroids
topical steroids
Surgery

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13
Q

What is Granulomatosis with polyangiitis commonly called and where does it affect?

A

Wenger’s

Nose

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14
Q

What is Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

Inflammation of the blood vessels in the nose

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15
Q

What can cause Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A

Autoimmune

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16
Q

What are some symptoms of Granulomatosis with polyangiitis?

A 
Necrosis
Small vessel vasculitis
Pulmonary and renal disease
Septal perforation
ANCA +ive
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17
Q

What benign tumours can affect the nose?

A

Squamous papilloma
Angiofibromas
Schneiderian papillomas

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18
Q

What causes Schneiderian papillomas?

A 
HPV
Smoking
Solvent abuse
welding
>50yo
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19
Q

What is a symptom of Schneiderian papillomas?

A

Nasal blockage

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20
Q

What malignant tumour can affect the nose?

A

SCC

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21
Q

What 4 ‘unique’ cancers can affect the nose?

A

Lymphoma
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
Primary adenocarcinoma
Neuroblastoma

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22
Q

What can cause nasopharyngeal carcinoma?

A

EBV

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23
Q

Where are laryngeal polyps/nodules found?

A

Throat

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24
Q

Differentiate a laryngeal polyp from a nodule

A

Polyp- unilateral

Nodule- bilateral

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25
Q

What can cause laryngeal polyps/nodules?

A

Vocal abuse
Infection
Smoking
Hypothyroidism

26
Q

What is an ulcer in the throat?

A

Benign response to injury

27
Q

Where are throat ulcers usually found?

A

Posterior vocal cord

28
Q

What can cause throat ulcers?

A

Chronic throat clearing
Voice abuse
GORD
Intubation

29
Q

What can cause papillomas in the throat?

A

HPV 6 and 11

30
Q

What cancer is common in the throat?

A

SCC

31
Q

What can cause SCC in the throat?

A

HPV
Smoking
Alcohol

32
Q

What two forms of paraganglioma are there?

A

Chormaffin positive

Non-Chromaffin

33
Q

What are some causes of airway obstruction?

A 
Inflammation- Allergic and infective
Foreign bodies
Compression
Trauma
Neurological
neoplastic
Burn
34
Q

What makes children susceptible to choking?

A 
Big heads
Small nostrils
Obligate nasal breathers
Large tongues
Small soft larynx
Weak neck muscles
Narrow subglottis
35
Q

What things can affect the tonsils?

A 
Tonsillitis (acute and chronic)
Obstructive hyperplasia
Malignancy
Tonsil crypt debris / tonsiliths
Otitis media with effusion
Glandular fever/infectious mononucleosis
36
Q

What can cause acute tonsillitis?

A

Viral (major)

Bacterial

37
Q

What viruses cause acute tonsillitis?

A

EBV
Rhinovirus
Influenza

38
Q

Give some differentials for acute tonsillitis?

A 
URTI
Infectious mononucleosis
Peritonsular abscess
Candida infection
malignancy
Diptheria
Scarlet fever
39
Q

What are some symptoms of viral acute tonsillitis?

A 
Malaise
Fever
Sore throat
Lymphadenopathy
Lasts 3-4 days
40
Q

What are some symptoms of bacterial acute tonsillitis?

A 
Systemic upset
Fever
Odynophagia
Halitosis
Lymphadenopathy
Lasts longer than a week
41
Q

How do you treat acute tonsillitis?

A

Support
AB- penicillin or clarithromycin
Surgery

42
Q

What is a complication of acute tonsillitis?

A

Peritonsillar abscess

43
Q

What are some symptoms of a peritonsillar abscess?

A

Unilateral throat pain
3-7 days after tonsilitis
Medial displacement of uvula
Concavity of palate

44
Q

What is the major cause of chronic tonsillitis?

A

Bacteria

45
Q

What bacteria can cause chronic tonsillitis?

A

Strep pyogenes
S. Aureus
H. Influenza
Strep pneumonia

46
Q

What are some symptoms of chronic tonsillitis?

A 
Chronic sore throat
Bad breath
Tonsilloliths
Peritonsillar erythema
Lymphadenopathy
47
Q

What two areas can cause obstructive hyperplasia?

A

Adenoids

Tonsilis

48
Q

Give some symptoms of adenoid obstructive hyperplasia?

A

Obligate mouth breathing
Hyponasal voice
Snoring
AOM/OME

49
Q

Give some symptoms of tonsil obstructive hyperplasia?

A

Snoring
Muffled voice
Dysphagia

50
Q

What is the common name for infectious mononucleosis

A

Glandular fever

51
Q

What is glandular fever?

A

Infectious mononucleosis

52
Q

What causes Infectious mononucleosis?

A

EBV

53
Q

What are some symptoms of Infectious mononucleosis?

A

Gross tonsillar enlargement with exudate
Lymphadenopathy
Hepatosplenomegaly
Low CRP

54
Q

how do you treat Infectious mononucleosis?

A

Symptomatic treatment
Antibiotics
Steroids
No ampicillin!!!

55
Q

What must you not use in Infectious mononucleosis?

A

AMPICILLIN!!!

56
Q

What pathology can you get in the salivary glands?

A

Sialolithiasis

57
Q

What is Sialolithiasis?

A

Stones in salivary glands

58
Q

What virus can infect the salivary glands?

A

Paramyxovirus- causes mumps

59
Q

What benign tumours can affect the salivary glands?

A

Pleomorphic adenomas
Warthins
Oncocytoma
Monomorphic

60
Q

What malignant tumours can affect the salivary glands?

A

Mucoepidermoid
Adenoid cyst
Acinci cell carcinoma
SSC

ENT (10 decks)

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