Nose Sinuses, Thorax And Lungs Flashcards
Bronchophony
Auscultate posterior chest. 99 should be soft and muffled, if loud and clear, consider lung consolidation.
Egophony
Evaluates intensity of spoken voice. Have pt. say eee, should hear soft, muffled eee, if aaa heard, consider lung consolidation
Whispered Pectoriloquy
Performed when a +) bronchophony is auscultated. Have pt. whisper 1,2,3. Sound should be faint and muffled. Clear with lung consolidation.
Normal breathing
The respiratory rate is about 14-20 per min in normal adults and up to 44 per min in infants.
Slow Breathing (Bradypnea)
Slow breathing may be secondary to diabetic coma, drop-induced respiratory depression, and increased intracranial pressure.
Sighing Respiration
Breathing punctuated by frequent sighs should alert you to the possibility of hyperventilation syndrome-a common cause of dysprea and dizziness. Occasional sighs are normal.
Rapid Shallow Breathing (Tachypnea)
Rapid shallow breathing has a number of causes, including restrictive lung discase, pluritic chest pain, and an elevated diaphragm.
Cheyne-Stokes Breathing
Periods of deep breathing alternate with periods of apnea (no breathing). Chidren and aging people normally may show this pattern in sleep. Other causes include heart failure, uremia, drug induced respiratory depression, and brain damage (typically on both sides of the cerebral hemispheres or diencephalon).
Obstructive Breathing
In obstructive lung disease, expiration is
prolonged because narrowed airways increase the resistance to air flow. Causes include asthana, chronse bronchstis, and COPD.
Rapid Deep Breathing (Hyperpnea, Hyperventilation)
Rapid deep breathing has several causes, induding exercise, anxicty, and metabolic acidosis. In the comatose patient, consider infarction, hypoxia, or hypoglycemia affecting the midbrain ce pons. Kussmaul breathing is deep breathing due to metabolic acidosis. It may be fast, normal in rate, or slow.
Ataxic Breathing (Biot’s Breathing)
Ataxic breathing, is characterized by unpredictable irregularity. Breaths may be shallow or deep, and stop for short periods. Causes include respiratory depression and brain damage, typically at the medullary levels
Flat percussion
sounds are a high-pitched sound with a soft quality. This sound is heard over dense tissue where there is no air.
Resonance
sounds are heard over normal lungs. These sounds usually have a low pitch.
Hyperresonance
sounds are also low-pitched. However, these sounds are lower than resonance sounds. You will hear hyperresonance sounds over hyper-inflated lungs.
Nose
External nose
Nasal cavity
Septum
Turbinates
Developmental care for infants and chidren
Salivation
Teeth
Nose
Developmental care for aging adult
Diminished smell and taste
Atrophic tissues
Dental changes
Developmental care for pregnant female
Nasal stuffiness
Epistaxis - nose bleed
Hyperemic gums - inflamed red gums
Subjective Data—
Health History Questions
DFSTEAA
Nose
Discharge
Frequent colds
Sinus pain
Trauma
Epistaxis
Allergies
Altered smell
Choanal atresia
narrowed and blocked
Epistaxis
Bleeding nose
Sinuses (FEMS)
Frontal - above eyes
Maxillary - upper jaw
Ethmoidal and Sphenoidal - smaller, located deeper in the skull
Abnormal findings on the nose
Abnormal findings:
- Allergies – swollen, pale, bluish gray.
- Upper respiratory infection – red, swollen
mucosa
- Purulent – contains pus.
Kiesselbach area
Epitaxis / nosebleed
