Nose, Ears, Head and Neck, Salivery glands, Flashcards
____________: most instances caused by on or more viruses, a profuse catarrhal discharge
common cold
_______________: recurrent attacks of rhiinitis, but in the absence of bacterial infection
Nasal Polp (코폴립)
• (); most commonly preceded by acute or chronicrhinitis.
• Maxillary sinusitis (상악동염); occasionally arises by extension of a periapical infection
• (); the process and, when complete, may impound the suppurative exudate.
• (); severe forms, caused by fungi (e.g., mucormycosis) in diabetes.
Acute sinusitis (급성부비동염)
Empyema (축농증)
Chronic sinusitis (만성부비동염);
A culture positive case of () with typical tonsillar exudate
Streptococcal pharyngitis
Pharyngitis (인두염) and tonsillitis (편도염); ()
viral upper respiratory infections.
_____________- enlarged, reddened tonsils (due to reactive lymphoid hyperplasia) dotted by pinpoints of exudate emanating from the tonsillar crypt.
follicular tonsillitis (모낭성 편도염 )
_____________: the sole manifestation of allergic, viral, bacterial, or chemical insult.
but, more commonly generalized upper respiratory tract infection, or heavy exposure to
environmental toxins (tobacco smoke).
Laryngitis (후두염)
____________________in infants & young children with their small airways
• caused by respiratory syncytial virus, Haemophilus influenzae, or β-hemolytic streptococc
Laryngoepiglottitis (후두덮개염)
_______________in children, inflammatory narrowing of the airway produces the inspiratory stridor so frightening to parents.
Croup; laryngotracheobronchitis (크룹, 상기도막힘증)
________________
• sometimes develop on the vocal cords, most often in heavy smokers or in individuals
who impose great strain on their vocal cords (singer’s nodules).
Reactive nodules (Polyps) (반응결절)
___________________
• benign neoplasms, usually located on the true vocal cords, that form soft, raspberry-like
proliferations rarely more than 1 cm in diameter.
Laryngeal squamous papillomas (편평유두종)
_________________
• usually single in adults but are often multiple in children; juvenile laryngeal papillomatosis.
However, multiple recurring
• The lesions are caused by HPV types 6 and 11.
Papillomas (유두종)
Carcinoma of the Larynx
: typically a squamous cell carcinoma seen in male chronic smokers.
⚫ Sequence of Hyperplasia-Dysplasia-Carcinoma (증식-형성이상-암종, 순차적 변화)
_______________ in the diabetics, when caused by P. aeruginosa, aggressive and spreads widely.`
inflammations of the ear - otitis media (중이염 ), acute or chronic
associated with chronic otitis media, are non-neoplastic
• cystic lesions 1 to 4 cm in diameter, lined by keratinizing squamous
epithelium
• Metaplastic mucus-secreting epithelium and filled with amorphous
debris.
• Sometimes contain spicules of cholesterol
Cholesteatomas (진주종)
abnormal bone deposition in the middle ear
about the rim of the oval window into which the footplate of the stapes fits.
• Both ears are usually affected.
following an autosomal dominant transmission with variable penetrance.
• Pathogenesis; unclear, however, represent uncoupling of normal bone resorption and bone formation.
Otosclerosis (귀경화증)
The vast majority of these cysts are thought to arise from remnants of the second branchial
arch and are most commonly observed in young adults between the ages of 20 and 40.
Branchial Cyst (Cervical Lymphoepithelial Cyst) (아가미낭, 목림프표피낭)
the thyroid anlage begins in the region of the foramen cecum (막구멍, 맹공)
Treatment is excision.
Malignant transformation within the lining epithelium has been reported
but is rare.
Thyroglossal Duct Cyst (갑상혀관낭)
The three major salivary glands
parotid (귀밑샘), submandibular (턱밑샘), sublingual (혀밑샘)
a dry mouth resulting from a decrease in the production of saliva.
• As high as 20% in individuals over the age of 70.
a major feature of the autoimmune disorder; Sjögren syndrome (쇼그렌증후근)
Xerostomia (구강건조증)
may be induced by trauma, viral or bacterial infection, or autoimmune disease.
nflammation (Sialadenitis) (침샘염, 타액선염)
the most common of viral sialadenitis in particularly parotids.
Mumps (볼거리, 유행귀밑샘염)
The most common lesion of the salivary glands; blockage or rupture of a salivary gland duct.
consequent leakage of saliva into the surrounding connective tissue stroma.
Mucocele (점액류)
epithelial-lined cysts that arise when the duct of the damaged sublingual gland.
- “plunging ranula”, dissected through the connective tissue stroma connecting the two bellies of the mylohyoid muscle.
Ranula (하마종)
Nonspecific bacterial sialadenitis; The common offenders; ________
S. aureus and Streptococcus viridans.
rise to no fewer than 30 histologically distinct tumors
Neoplasms (신생물)
_____________(종양): much more often in males than in females
perhaps reflecting the historically higher prevalence of smoking,
Warthin tumors (와르틴 종양);
_______: benign tumors that consist of a mixture of ductal (epithelial) and myoepithelial cells,
show both epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation.
ariously as a carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma or a malignant mixed tumor.
associated with chromosomal rearrangements of PLAG1, a gene encoding a transcription factor
Pleomorphic Adenoma (여러형태샘종)
This curious benign neoplasm; the second most common salivary gland neoplasm.
• It arises almost exclusively in the parotid gland (the only tumor virtually restricted to the parotid
Warthin Tumor (Papillary Cystadenoma Lymphomatpsum)
(와르틴종양, 림프구유낭샘종)
this tumor is associated with a balanced (11;19) (q21;p13) chromosomal translocation.
The MECT1-MAML2 fusion gene; play a key role in the genesis of this tumor,
possibly by perturbing the Notch and cAMP-dependent signaling pathways.
Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma (점액표지양암종)
Dental caries is caused by focal demineralization of tooth structure (__________and________) by acidic metabolites of fermenting sugars that are produced by bacteria.
enamel(상아질) and dentin(사기질)
________________: inflammation of the oral mucosa surrounding the teeth; a reversible disease.
Gingivitis(치은염)
• a sticky, colorless, biofilm that collects between and on the surface of the teeth.
• a mixture of bacteria, salivary proteins, and desquamated epithelial cells.
• Plaque build-up beneath the gumline can lead to gingivitis
Dental plaque (치태)
___________: a mineralized form of unremoved plaque
Calculus (tartar, 치석)
___________: an inflammatory process that affects the supporting structures of the teeth (periodontal ligaments, alveolar bone, cementum)
poor oral hygiene, with resultant change in oral flora
As the origin of important systemic diseases, including infective endocarditis, and pulmonary and brain abscesses.
Periodontitis (치주염)
________: common, often recurrent, exceedingly painful, superficial oral mucosal ulcerations of unknown etiology.
prevalent within certain families and may also be associated with immunologic disorders
Aphthous Ulcers (Canker Sores) (아프타궤양; 구각미란,
아구창)
________: normal component of oral flora in approximately 50% of the population, the most common fungal infection of the oral cavity.
influent factors: C. albicans
Major clinical forms: pseudomembranous(거짓막), erythematous(홍반), hyperplastic(과다형성).
Oral Candidiasis (Thrush) (구강칸디다증; 구강백반창, 아구창)
________: a distinctive oral lesion on the lateral border of the tongue, usually seen in immunocompromised patients, and is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV).
Hairy Leukoplakia (털백판증)
_________: a white patch or plaque that cannot be scraped off and cannot be characterized clinically or pathologically as any other disease.
Leukoplakia (백반증)
much less common and much more ominous(불길한) than leukoplakia(백반증)
Erythroplakia (홍판증)
Characteristics of Leukoplakia (백반증) & Erythroplakia (홍판증): __________
speckled leukoerythroplakia (반점모양백적색반).
__________: Approximately 95% of cancers of the head and neck, largely consisting of adenocarcinomas of salivary gland origin.
The pathogenesis: smoked tobacco and alcohol, betel quid and paan, Actinic radiation
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (편평세포암종) (SCCs)
