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Hematology 4 > Normo/Normo Anemias > Flashcards

Normo/Normo Anemias Flashcards

1
Q

What is Aplastic Anemia?

A

A pancytopenia with bone marrow failure

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2
Q

What is the difference between Aplastic Anemia and MDS?

A

Aplastic Anemia has pancytopenia without marrow hyperplasia, while MDS has pancytopenia with hypercellular marrow.

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3
Q

Name one inherited condition associated with Aplastic Anemia.

A

Fanconi anemia

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4
Q

What is Pure Red Cell Aplasia (PRCA)?

A

Anemia affecting only red blood cells with severe reticulocytopenia

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5
Q

What is Diamond-Blackfan Anemia (DBA)?

A

A type of congenital hypoplastic anemia characterized by physical abnormalities and macrocytic anemia.

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6
Q

What are the two types of hemolytic anemia?

A
  • Intrinsic (intracorpuscular)
  • Extrinsic (extracorpuscular)
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7
Q

What is the role of haptoglobin in hemolytic anemia?

A

It binds free hemoglobin; levels decrease in intravascular hemolysis.

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8
Q

What is the typical reticulocyte response in hemolytic anemia?

A

Increased reticulocytes

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9
Q

What condition can lead to increased destruction of RBCs due to mechanical damage?

A

Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia

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10
Q

Define the term ‘Pancytopenia’.

A

Depression of all three cell lines in the blood

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11
Q

What is the significance of schistocytes in hemolytic anemia?

A

They indicate fragmentation of red blood cells.

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12
Q

What are the common lab features of hemolytic anemia?

A
  • ↑ Bilirubin
  • ↑ Urobilinogen
  • ↑ LD
  • ↓ Haptoglobin
  • ↑ Reticulocytes
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13
Q

What is the difference between intravascular and extravascular hemolysis?

A
  • Intravascular occurs within blood vessels
  • Extravascular occurs in the liver, spleen, or lymph nodes
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14
Q

What is the expected reticulocyte count in Aplastic Anemia?

A

Decreased reticulocyte count

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15
Q

What laboratory finding is associated with intravascular hemolysis?

A

MCHC > 360 g/L

This finding must always be handled as urgent.

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16
Q

What should be done if MCHC is greater than 360 g/L?

A

PBF must be examined immediately to rule out spherocyte/hemolysis

If active hemolysis is suspected, the priority can be downgraded to routine after examination.

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17
Q

What is the typical time frame for drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia to present?

A

Usually happens 7-10 days after treatment begins

DAT may remain positive for up to 2 years after drug withdrawal.

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18
Q

What laboratory findings are indicative of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Rh)?

A

↓↓ Hb/Hct, ↑↑↑ nRBCs

Spherocytes are not usually seen as RBC are destroyed.

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19
Q

What is the treatment for severe cases of Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Rh)?

A

Exchange transfusion after delivery with fetal compatible blood.

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20
Q

What organism causes malaria?

A

Plasmodium species.

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21
Q

What is the most aggressive malaria species?

A

Plasmodium falciparum.

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22
Q

What is the purpose of rapid tests in malaria identification?

A

Detect Plasmodium histidine-rich protein antigens present in infected RBCs.

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23
Q

What staining method is ideal for identifying malaria?

A

Giemsa stain.

24
Q

What is the examination procedure for identifying malaria in blood films?

A

Examine thick and thin smears, focusing on gametocyte forms and ring forms.

25
What is the significance of positive and negative quality control slides in malaria testing?
Ensure proper staining of parasites and validate testing accuracy.
26
What is Babesia and how is it related to Lyme disease?
A parasitic infection similar to malaria, often found as a co-infection with Lyme disease.
27
What is the main focus when examining blood films for malaria?
Identify if malaria is falciparium or non-falciparium.
28
Which tick is responsible for transmitting Anaplasmosis?
Black legged tick ## Footnote Anaplasmosis is a tickborne disease.
29
What type of organisms are Anaplasma?
Small, gram-negative, intracellular ## Footnote Anaplasma phagocytophilum targets neutrophils.
30
What is Trypanosoma cruzi commonly known as?
Chaga’s disease ## Footnote Transmitted by the kissing bug.
31
What are Microfilaria?
Parasitic worms ## Footnote Can cause mild to severe infections.
32
Name two extrinsic causes of Hemolytic Anemia.
1. Antibodies (Warm and Cold reacting antibodies) 2. Infectious agents (e.g., Malaria, Babesiosis)
33
True or False: March Hemoglobinuria is caused by physical disruption of RBCs during exercise.
True
34
What is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP)?
A rare condition characterized by thrombi in blood vessels caused by platelet aggregation, leading to shearing of RBCs.
35
Fill in the blank: Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome (HUS) can be caused by _____ from E. Coli 0157:H7.
[toxins]
36
List the key laboratory findings in Thrombotic Thrombocytopenia Purpura (TTP).
* ↓ Hb/Hct * ↑ Retic and RPI * ↓ Platelets <20x10^9/L * Spherocytes * Schistocytes
37
What is the mechanism behind March Hemoglobinuria?
Direct physical disruption of RBCs as they pass through capillaries in the feet during strenuous exercise.
38
What are the effects of severe burns on red blood cells?
* RBCs destroyed by heat damage * Possible hemoconcentration phase * Severe anemia may develop by day 4
39
What are the common causes of Macroangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia?
* Mechanical damage/shearing in large vessels * Heart valves * Calcified aortic stenosis
40
What are the laboratory findings in Hemolytic Anemia due to Chemical Agents?
* ↑ Bilirubin * ↓ Haptoglobin * Schistocytes
41
What is the primary effect of lead poisoning on red blood cells?
Decreased survival span of RBCs and potential for normochromic normocytic anemia.
42
What is the clinical significance of schistocytes?
They indicate fragmentation of RBCs due to mechanical damage.
43
What are the laboratory findings associated with hemolytic anemia?
CBC/smear: * ↓ Hb/Hct * ↑ Retic and RPI * Spherocytes * Schistocytes ## Footnote These findings indicate the presence of hemolysis.
44
What is the most common hereditary hemolytic anemia?
Hereditary Spherocytosis (HS) ## Footnote HS is primarily an autosomal dominant condition.
45
What are common complications of HELLP syndrome?
* DIC * Hepatic damage * Placental abruption * Kidney failure ## Footnote These complications can arise due to the severe nature of the syndrome.
46
What are the key laboratory findings in acute DIC?
* PLT count ↓ * PT ↑↑ * aPTT ↑↑ * Fibrinogen ↓ * D-dimer ↑↑↑↑ ## Footnote These findings indicate a severe coagulopathy.
47
What is the typical morphology seen in hereditary elliptocytosis?
Elliptical red blood cells ## Footnote This condition leads to the destruction of abnormally shaped cells in the spleen.
48
What is a key clinical finding in hereditary spherocytosis?
Increased RBC fragility ## Footnote This results in the formation of spherocytes.
49
What is the relationship between HELLP syndrome and DIC?
HELLP can lead to DIC ## Footnote This progression can cause worsening coagulopathy.
50
What are the common laboratory findings in hereditary spherocytosis?
* ↑ Bili * ↑ LD * ↓ Haptoglobin * Coomb’s Negative ## Footnote These findings help differentiate it from other types of hemolytic anemia.
51
What is Microangiopathic Hemolytic Anemia?
A type of anemia caused by the destruction of red blood cells in small blood vessels. ## Footnote Includes conditions like TTP, HUS, HELLP, and DIC.
52
What does TTP stand for?
Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura. ## Footnote A condition characterized by low platelet count, hemolytic anemia, and organ damage.
53
What is G6PD deficiency?
An inherited biochemical deficiency within the RBC that predisposes to hemolysis. ## Footnote It is the most common enzyme deficiency in the world.
54
What are the signs of hemolysis in G6PD deficiency?
Symptoms include nausea, abdominal pain, and rapidly progressive anemia. ## Footnote Hemoglobinuria (cola-like urine) and increased LD/Bili are also common.
55
What is Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency (PKD)?
A rare genetic disorder causing hemolytic anemia due to lack of pyruvate kinase. ## Footnote It leads to rigid RBCs that are easily lysed.
56
What is porphyria?
An inability for porphyrin conversion to heme due to enzyme deficiencies. ## Footnote It can be inherited or acquired (e.g., lead poisoning).
57
What is Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria (PNH)?
A chronic intravascular hemolytic anemia with complement-mediated lysis due to a clonal defect. ## Footnote Associated with the PIGA gene mutation.

Hematology 4 (12 decks)

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