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Hematology 4 > Granulocytes, Lymph & Mono’s > Flashcards

Granulocytes, Lymph & Mono’s Flashcards

1
Q

What are hematopoietic growth factors involved in?

A

Proliferation, differentiation and survival of granulocytes and monocytes

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2
Q

What are Auer Rods?

A

Amalgamation of azurophilic granules into rod/spindle like shapes within the cytoplasm of Myeloblast

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3
Q

In which condition are Auer Rods most commonly seen?

A

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia

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4
Q

What characterizes promyelocytes in terms of granules?

A

Primary granules are undifferentiated; secondary granules develop based on cytokines

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5
Q

What is Neutrophilia?

A

Absolute counts >7.5 X10^9/L

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6
Q

What is Neutropenia?

A

Absolute counts <2.0 X10^9/L

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7
Q

What conditions can lead to Neutrophilia?

A
  • Bacterial infections
  • Pregnancy
  • Early Infectious Mononucleosis
  • Inflammatory responses (Arthritis)
  • Environmental exposure
  • Stress response
  • Tissue damage (surgical/trauma)
  • Vasculitis
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8
Q

What conditions can lead to Neutropenia?

A
  • Chemotherapy and other drugs
  • Aplastic Anemia
  • Septicemia & other infectious diseases
  • Cyclic neutropenia
  • Myelokathexis
  • Physical conditions (heat or cold shock)
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9
Q

What causes Toxic Vacuolation?

A

Phagocytosis and digestion of foreign particles within the cytoplasm

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10
Q

What are Dohle Bodies?

A

Light blue-gray zones seen within the cytoplasm of neutrophils

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11
Q

What is the role of neutrophils in response to infection?

A

They produce chemicals that fight the antigens and secrete antimicrobial proteins

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12
Q

What is the absolute neutrophil count considered critical?

A

Less than 1.0 x10^9/L

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13
Q

What does a shift to the right indicate?

A

Over segmentation of nucleus in the neutrophil

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14
Q

What is Pelger Huet Anomaly?

A

Demonstrates ‘Pince nez’ ~ pinching of the nucleus into a bilobed formation

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15
Q

What is May Hegglin Anomaly?

A

Rare inherited disorder affecting platelets and neutrophils

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16
Q

What is the primary population of WBC in children compared to adults?

A

Children have a higher percentage of lymphocytes

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17
Q

What are common causes of Drug Induced Neutropenia?

A
  • Cancer drugs (chemotherapy)
  • Anti-inflammatory drugs
  • Antibacterial drugs
  • Anticonvulsants
  • Anti-Thyroids
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18
Q

What does LAP stand for?

A

Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase

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19
Q

What is the function of the LAP test?

A

Distinguish Leukemoid reaction from CML

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20
Q

What are the visible characteristics of platelets in May-Hegglin anomaly?

A

Abnormally large, hypogranular, and misshapen

Patients may show signs of bleeding disorders.

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21
Q

What is a key feature of Chediak-Higashi anomaly?

A

Immune disorder with reduction in eye and skin pigment and significant susceptibility to infections

Patients may experience photosensitivity, neurological disorders, and hepatosplenomegaly.

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22
Q

What is eosinophilia?

A

Absolute eosinophil counts >0.6 X10^9/L

Increased in conditions such as allergies, parasitic infections, and some malignancies.

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23
Q

What is the definition of basophilia?

A

Absolute basophil counts >0.2 X10^9/L

Increased in severe allergies, infections, and certain malignancies.

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24
Q

What is the significance of the ‘death crystal’ or ‘Green Crystals of Death’?

A

Indicates advanced liver failure or multiple organ failure with high LDH levels

Seen in severe COVID infections and may be present in monocytes.

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25
What are the expected laboratory findings in a patient with leukopenia?
WBC count <4.0 x 10^9/L ## Footnote Often associated with infections, bone marrow disorders, or other pathological conditions.
26
What are Harlequin cells?
Eosinophils with atypical basophilic staining granules ## Footnote Commonly seen in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) or myelodysplastic syndrome.
27
What does a left shift in a blood differential indicate?
Increased production of neutrophils, typically in response to infection ## Footnote May show immature forms like band neutrophils.
28
What is the normal lifespan of eosinophils in tissue?
8-12 days ## Footnote Once released into circulation, eosinophils last only 8-12 hours.
29
Fill in the blank: Eosinophils are primarily involved in _______.
[immune response against parasites]
30
True or False: Basophils are found in tissue under normal circumstances.
False ## Footnote Basophils circulate briefly in peripheral blood and are not typically found in tissues.
31
Describe the chromatin appearance of a monoblast.
Purple/lavender in colour with fine even chromatin
32
What is the typical cytoplasm appearance of a promonocyte?
Blue/grey with a fine granular appearance
33
What type of nucleus does a mature monocyte have?
Irregular, folded, undulating, convoluted purple/lavender
34
What is the N:C ratio of a mature monocyte?
About 1:1
35
What are common conditions associated with monocytopenia?
* Chronic bacterial infections * Inflammatory conditions * Aplastic anemia * Hairy cell leukemia * Chronic corticosteroid use * Immune conditions * Leukemias * Other malignancies
36
What is a common inheritance pattern of lipid storage diseases?
Recessive inheritance
37
What are the three most common types of lipid storage disease?
* Gaucher Disease * Niemann Pick Disease * Tay-Sachs Disease
38
What enzyme is deficient in Gaucher Disease?
β-Glucocerebrosidase
39
What is a notable symptom of Niemann Pick Disease?
Death in childhood for most cases
40
What characterizes Tay-Sachs Disease?
Regression of movement or mental development
41
What are the three main types of normal lymphocytes?
* Small Lymphocytes (T-cell or B-cell) * Large Lymphocytes (Natural Killer Lymphocytes) * Plasma Cells
42
What is a common cause of lymphocytosis in adults?
Viral infection
43
What virus is commonly associated with infectious mononucleosis?
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
44
What is the most common test for diagnosing infectious mononucleosis?
Rapid agglutination test (Monospot)
45
What characterizes multiple myeloma?
Overproduction of plasma cells
46
What can lead to blood viscosity in multiple myeloma?
Overproduction of immunoglobulins
47
What are the characteristics of plasma cells?
* Eccentric nucleus * Very coarse chromatin * Abundant basophilic cytoplasm
48
What is the primary function of plasma cells?
Produce antibodies
49
What are immunoglobulins required for?
The production of antibodies
50
What is typically overproduced in Multiple Myeloma (MM)?
Monoclonal immunoglobulin
51
What type of immunoglobulin is most often overproduced in MM?
IgG
52
What results from an increase of serum/plasma proteins in MM?
Dark blue background staining of the peripheral blood film
53
What effect does an increase in plasma/serum proteins have on RBCs?
Reduces zeta potential, leading to Rouleaux formation
54
What is a characteristic finding in the blood film of a patient with MM?
Increased ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)
55
What type of protein is detected in the urine of MM patients?
Bence Jones protein
56
What do abnormal plasma cells activate in MM?
Osteoclast cells
57
What are the X-ray findings in MM?
Punched out bone lesions
58
What is the M spike in MM indicative of?
Monoclonal spike of IgG or IgA
59
What is associated with abnormal/atypical lymphocytes?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
60
What morphological feature is seen in CLL lymphocytes?
Abnormally clumped chromatin
61
What is a smudge cell?
Lymphoid cells that have ruptured in vitro
62
In which condition are smudge cells most commonly seen?
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)
63
What can minimize the appearance of smudge cells?
Adding 1 drop of 22% bovine albumin to blood
64
What is the most common cause of lymphocytosis in children?
Infectious Mononucleosis (IM)
65
What is a key indicator of Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL)?
Presence of blast cells
66
What are Mott cells?
Plasma cells with multiple Russell bodies
67
What are Russell bodies composed of?
Immunoglobulins
68
What condition is associated with Flaming Plasma Cells?
IgA overproduction

Hematology 4 (12 decks)

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