Normans Unit 3 Flashcards
What was the Church like before 1066?
Powerful - owned 1/4 of Englands land
Tithes - taxes were paid to the church
Clergy were married - breaking vow of celibacy
Simony - the selling of church positions
Pluralism - when people held more than one position in the church
Why did William want to reform the Church?
It was hypocritical
The church had too much money and power
Wanted to show who was in control now
Who was Lanfranc, what did he do?
Italian monk - good friends with the pope and convinced the pope to give William the papal banner
Archbishop of Canterbury from 1070
Reformed the Church
What are 4 of Lanfrancs reforms?
- There was a new Church hierarchy
- Introduced synods
- More parishes created
- Ended marriage within the clergy
Why did Lanfranc introduce a new Church hierarchy?
So that it was more centralised
Bishops had more control - archbishops had a lot of power before and were very corrupt
What were Synods?
Church councils
Held twice a year by bishops
Why were synods introduced?
To spread the reforms and information
Why were there more parishes created?
To spread the church and its new reforms
What happened to the number of village churches between 1070 and 1170?
Number of village churches doubled between 1070 and 1170
Why did Lanfranc end marriage within the clergy?
So that the clergy were sticking to their vows of celibacy
What is the difference between the Church and the church?
Church - the people within the church
church - the building
Who lived in the cathedrals?
Bishops
What are the differences between churches and cathedrals?
Cathedrals were much grander, larger and more beautiful than churches
Cathedrals housed bishop, churches housed priest
Bishop oversaw the diocese, priest oversaw the parish
What styles were cathedrals built in? Why?
Romanesque style - most likely because Lanfranc was from Europe and this style was popular in Europe
What are properties of cathedrals? Why?
Built on hills - intimidating
Very big and grand - intimidating and showed who was in control
Dominated the local landscape - reminded who was in charge
Beautiful - Jesus was beautiful so cathedrals had to be too
Who built the cathedrals?
People who were trained to build cathedrals in Normandy
What shape were cathedrals built in?
The shape of a cross - to remember Jesus’ sacrifice
What was the nave in a cathedral?
Where masses were held by Monks
How were cathedrals and the political aspect of Norman England linked?
Cathedrals were political bases
The bishop helped run the country from the cathedral
What did Norman churches have inside of them?
Shrines containing things that were linked with saints
What are the 4 reasons why William reformed the church buildings?
A form of intimidation - a permanent reminder of the conquest
Owed the pope the promise to reform churches - in exchange for the papal banner
Showed that God favoured the new regime
Anglo Saxon buildings were old fashioned
What were monasteries (abbeys) like pre 1066?
Expensive
Known as abbeys
Needed a rich patron
Why did the monasteries have to be reformed?
Monasticism was declining - due to the Viking raids
Many monks didn’t follow vows and didn’t live a fully devoted life
How was monasticism revived?
New reforms and orders introduced e.g. Cluniac monks
Number of monasteries increased
Number of monks and nuns rose
How many monks and nuns were there in 1066 compared to in 1135?
1066 - 1000 nuns and monks
1135 - 4000-5000 nuns and monks
How many monasteries were there in 1066 compared to in 1135?
1066 - four monasteries
1135 - ten monasteries
When was the first Cluniac monastery established?
Established in 910
Who did the Cluniac monasteries answer to?
Only answered to the pope and the Abbot of Cluny
Who were the Cluniac monks?
Monks that were stricter
Came from France
Whose teachings did the Cluniac monks follow?
St. Benedict’s teachings with some differences like no physical labour
Whose teachings did the Benedictine monks follow?
St Benedict’s teachings - took vows of chastity, poverty and obedience (often broke these)
Who were the monks in England before 1066?
Benedictine monks
What monks were brought from France by the Normans?
Cluniac monks
How did the Cluniac monks help monasticism?
Helped the church return to normal
There was now an expectation to follow the vows you swear to
What did William do to the monastic leaders that lead monasteries before 1066 (Saxons)?
He replaced them with Normans - easier to enforce new reforms, accepted the change, showed who was in control
How many Saxon monastic leaders were left in 1086?
Only 3 Saxon abbots (monastic leaders) in 1086
What reforms did Lanfranc introduce to monasteries?
Removed the liturgy
Made it more like it was in Europe
There were more stricter rules on the creation of saints
Set up a clear hierarchy
Who was William II?
The son of William the Conqueror
Also known as William Rufus due to his red hair
Why was William II disliked by the Church?
Reintroduced simony
Didn’t have kids, not married
Rumours that he was homosexual
Was selfish and wanted more money
Who was Anselm?
The Archbishop of Canterbury after the death of Lanfranc
He had been a pupil of Lanfranc
Didn’t want to be the Archbishop but was forced by William
When did Anselm become archbishop?
1095
What conditions did Anselm set if he were to be archbishop?
All lost lands should be returned to the Archbishop and some others
What was William Rufus’s response to Anselms conditions?
He agreed to all of them…
EXCEPT the one to give back the land lost as it would lose income
When did William II block Anselm from seeing the pope? Why?
1095 - so that he couldn’t officially be made the archbishop
What council was called to decide what to do with Anselm?
The Council of Rockingham
What did William ultimately decide to do with Anselm?
Eventually let the pope recognise Anselm as the Archbishop
How did the situation with Anselm impact Church and monarch relations?
William continued to block Anselms attempts to reform - showed how powerful he was
Showed a real stubbornness from William - worsened relationships
Money hungry - didn’t agree to give back land as it would lose him money
Who was St Calais?
A Norman bishop
What did William of St Calais promise to do?
Promised to send troops to William II to help him in a rebellion
When did William of St Calais promise this?
1088 - whilst there was a rebellion going on
What happened after St Calais promised William to send troops?
He never showed up so he was put on trial for treason
What did William of St Calais and William II argue about?
St Calais argued that he should be trialed in a church court not a secular court
William II refused as he said that St Calais broke the Oath of Fealty
When and where did William of St Calais’s trial take place?
November 1088 in Salisbury
Was St Calais found guilty or innocent? What was his punishment?
Found guilty
He was exiled in November 1088 and lost his position
How did the situation with St Calais impact Church and monarch relations?
It showed William II’s determination to have total control over the church - deterred others from challenging him
William was supported by his nobles and clergy - suggested that their loyalty lay with him and not the church
Timeline of how church-monarch relationships changed over time and over the 3 Norman monarchs?
- Papal banner given to WILLIAM I - good relations, they were working together, God and Church on monarchs side
- WILLIAM I refused to give loyalty to Gregory VII - worsened relations, monarch wasn’t willing to comply with the pope (head of the church)
- WILLIAM II reintroduced simony - worsened relations, was hard to reform the Church and make sure everyone was following teachings, he’s backtracking on all the hard work
- WILLIAM II and bishop of St Calais disagreement - worsened relations, showed how money hungry and how much power William wanted to have
- WILLIAM II with Anselm - worsened relations with the most powerful bishop
- Churchmen began to pay homage to HENRY I (known as the Investiture Controversy) - worsened tensions as it was believe homage should only be payed to God, showing he saw himself as godly, blasphemous - partly a reason why he was threatened with exile - he had too much power and the Church wanted him out, tensions reached a peak
What did monasteries offer?
Help for the poor
Infirmaries
Farming
Education
How did monasteries care for poor?
Monasteries cared for all - had an almonry, this is where the poor got food and care by an almoner
What did infirmaries offer?
Cared for the sick
Had pilgrims to treat sick - accommodation in the monastery was free to anyone who was on a pilgrimage
What did the farms offer?
Grew own food - self sustaining community
Made own beer since the water not safe to drink - but built by rivers so it was safer than in towns
What education did monasteries offer?
Monastery offers scholarship and learning
Had a grand library containing many ancient manuscripts and hand written books and bibles
Education usually had to be payed for - but sometimes offered for free in exchange for being servants
Had a church school - focused on Latin, astronomy, mathematics
How did the things monasteries offered differ from what abbeys (anglo Saxon) offered?
Taught French but still continued to use Latin for writing - Anglo Saxons only used English for speaking and Latin for writing - no French
Anglo Saxons offered less subjects
Education was also only for the rich in Anglo Saxon but education was open to more types of people in Norman’s
