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GCSE History > Medicine Unit 3 > Flashcards

Medicine Unit 3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the germ theory?

A

The idea that disease is spread by microorganisms that exist and cause matter to decay

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2
Q

Who published and discovered the germ theory?

A

Louis Pasteur

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3
Q

When was the Germ theory published?

A

1861

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4
Q

What are reasons why Pasteur had a significant impact on the development of medicine?

A

He published the germ theory - allowed for many discoveries and still believed today
He developed vaccinations for cholera, anthrax and rabies with help from the French (they gave him money) STILL USED TODAY
Inspired many other scientists e.g. Robert Koch and Paul Ehrlich

‘Father of microbiology’

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5
Q

What are reasons why Pasteur didn’t have a significant impact on the development of medicine?

A

His ideas were ridiculed by some scientists
His ideas weren’t immediately accepted in Britain
Koch had a greater impact on the development of treatments and preventions of bacteria
Lister publicised germ theory - he was able to make it more accepted in Britain

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6
Q

Who was Robert Koch?

A

A German doctor who built on Pasteurs germ theory

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7
Q

What are reasons why Koch had a significant impact on the development of medicine?

A

He carried out experiment
By the end of the 19th century, he found causes of many disease e.g. cholera, TB, smallpox and plague

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8
Q

Who was Paul Ehrilch?

A

A German doctor that worked with Robert Koch

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9
Q

What are reasons why Ehrlich had a significant impact on the development of medicine?

A

He discovered ‘magic bullets’

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10
Q

What were ‘magic bullets’?

A

Chemical cures for bacterium

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11
Q

Who was Louis Pasteur?

A

A French doctor who carried out a series of experiments to discover the germ theory

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12
Q

How did Pasteur discover that microorganisms could be killed by heat?

A

Pasteurisation - he heated foodstuffs which stop them from going off

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13
Q

What is an anaesthetic?

A

Any substance that makes the body insensitive to pain

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14
Q

What were some anaesthetics used in 1800s-1900s?

A

Opium
Mandrake root
Nitrous oxide
Alcohol
Chloroform

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15
Q

When was nitrous oxide discovered? By who?

A

1775 by Thomas Beddoes and Humphry Davy

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16
Q

How was nitrous oxide discovered to be an anaesthetic?

A

Humphry Davy inhaled the gas which made him laugh, feel giddy and also relaxed

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17
Q

What was the positives of the discovery of nitrous oxide as an anaesthetic?

A

Reduced surgery anxiety
It worked at its time
It was the first anaesthetic discovered in a long time

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18
Q

What was the negatives of the discovery of nitrous oxide as an anaesthetic?

A

It failed to convince doctors
People so it as a fun thing not a medical anaesthetic - dangerous
It’s classes as a drug now as it was addictive

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19
Q

When and where was ether discovered to be an anaesthetic? By who?

A

1842 by William Clark in America

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20
Q

When did Clark give a public demonstration of ether? What was the impact of this?

A

1846 - did a public demonstration in Boston which helped his ideas spread to Europe

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21
Q

Who tried ether first? When? What did he call ether?

A

Robert Liston tried ether in a leg amputation - called it ‘Yankee Dodge’

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22
Q

What was the positives of the discovery of ether as an anaesthetic?

A

It was affective
Allowed for the patient to be induced to sleep
The patient felt no pain at all

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23
Q

What was the negatives of the discovery of ether as an anaesthetic?

A

It caused vomiting
It was highly flammable - surgeries were done at home by open fires which was dangerous

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24
Q

When was chloroform discovered to be an anaesthetic? By who?

A

1847 by James Simpson

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25
Q

How was chloroform discovered to be an anaesthetic?

A

By accident - one of Simpsons friends knocked over a bottle of chloroform when they were testing substances and all of them were then found asleep

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26
Q

What was the positives of the discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic?

A

1850 - Queen Victoria had a difficult labour and used chloroform
1853 - John Snow used chloroform on Queen Victoria whilst giving birth to price leopold
Had royal support

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27
Q

What was the negatives of the discovery of chloroform as an anaesthetic?

A

Some patients died when using it when it was first introduced e.g. Hannah Greener 1848
Men and women of different sizes needed different amounts
There were objections by other doctors and also religious objects as it removed the pain of giving birth

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28
Q

What are reasons why Simpson had a significant impact on the development of anaesthetics?

A

He discovered chloroform in 1847
He had royal support
Chloroform was used as an anaesthetic for many years

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29
Q

What are reasons why Simpson didn’t have a significant impact on the development of anaesthetics?

A

Chloroform was discovered to have many side effects e.g. liver disease
There were objection by many people
Some died as they were given too much

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30
Q

What are reasons why Liston had a significant impact on the development of anaesthetics?

A

He was the first to use ether successfully and allow it to spread to England

31
Q

What are reasons why Liston didn’t have a significant impact on the development of anaesthetics?

A

He didn’t discover ether, he only used it on his patients
It was highly flammable

32
Q

What were the main reasons why there was opposition to anaesthetic in 1800s-1900s?

A

Religious reasons - god wanted pain to be felt
Practical reasons - easy to overdose and flammable
Some anaesthetics were discovered before germ theory - people didn’t have much of an understanding

33
Q

When were antiseptics discovered? By who?

A

1865 by Joseph Lister

34
Q

What do antiseptics do?

A

Prevent the spread of germs and bacteria and prevent infections

35
Q

What was the first antiseptic discovered?

A

Carbolic acid

36
Q

Describe the process of how antiseptics were discovered

A
  1. 1860 - Lister realised operation would go well if the wound was free from infections
  2. He considered the germ theory and then discovered that carbolic acid could kill bacteria
  3. 1865 - he experimented on a young boy called Jamie and the antiseptic worked
37
Q

What is aseptic surgery?

A

The prevention of germs from the start of the surgery e.g. sterilising medical equipment etc.

38
Q

What are reasons why Lister was significant in the development of medicine?

A

Treated his first patient - Jamie - successfully in 1865 & treated 11 patients successfully in 1867
He lectured doctors about the importance of carbolic acid and publicised the germ theory
His ideas lead to the development of aseptic surgery STILL USED TODAY

39
Q

What are reasons why Lister wasn’t significant in the development of medicine?

A

Many doctors thought he was unsure of his ideas as he kept changing his methods to improve his work
Using carbolic acid slowed down the operation - lead to issues with blood loss
Some doctors had good results without using carbolic acid - said his ideas were wrong and criticised him

40
Q

When did Pasteur discover pasteurisation?

A

1854

41
Q

What were the main issues in industrial cities in the 1800s-1900s?

A

Very overcrowded due to rapid migration & Cesspits still used to collect waste
Industrial diseases thrived e.g. match girls developed ‘phossy-jaw’ + chimney sweeps came into contact with soot
Bakers added chalk to flour to make more money and to make it more white

42
Q

How many % of children died before the age of 5 in industrial towns?

A

57% of children died before the age of 5

43
Q

What was the average age of death for a labourer in Liverpool in 1800s-1900s?

A

15 years old

44
Q

What were some contagious diseases in the industrial period?

A

Typhoid
Typhus
Cholera
Measles

45
Q

When was the ‘great stink’? What was it?

A

The ‘great stink’ was in 1858 - the weather was dry so human liquid waste hadn’t washed away

46
Q

What happened as a result of the ‘great stink’? Why?

A

Parliament left London because it was deemed very threatening as miasma was still heavily believed an it caused a very bad smell

47
Q

Similarities between public health condition in industrial period and in the medieval period? Why?

A

Believed in miasma - still a lack of scientific understanding and didn’t fully believe germ theory yet
Still used privies and cesspits to get rid of waste
Some diseases were still uncontrolled

48
Q

Differences between public health condition in industrial period and in the medieval period?

A

Easier to catch more diseases in industrial period - more overcrowded due to rapid migration
In industrial, the germ theory was developed - they realised something was wrong

49
Q

What were the 3 attempts the government made to improve public health in the industrial period?

A
  1. 1848 public health act
  2. 1875 public health act
  3. Compulsory vaccinations
50
Q

What were the successes of the 1848 public health act?

A

Led to the building of a sewer system
Led to the establishment of local Boards of Health & to the appointing of local medical officers
It was the first piece of legislation that protected public health

51
Q

What were the failures of the 1848 public health act?

A

Town councils weren’t forced to make these improvements - only if death rate passed 23 per thousand
Only 1/3 of towns set up Boards of Health
The terms of act were only temporary - General Board of Health was abolished in 1858

52
Q

What were the successes of the 1875 public health act?

A

Made local councils responsible for ensuring that there was clean water, rubbish removal and sewers/drains
Towns had to appoint health inspectors and a medical officer of health
Ensured the quality of new housing was improved

53
Q

What were the failures of the 1875 public health act?

A

Many towns only had basic services such as water
Lighting and paving were still in the hands of private companies and individuals

54
Q

What were the successes of compulsory vaccinations?

A

Vaccinations compulsory in 1853
Number of of deaths from smallpox dropped dramatically

55
Q

What were the failures of compulsory vaccinations?

A

Many people distrusted it and objected against it - stopped being compulsory in 1898
Was not strictly enforced until 1871

56
Q

What happened between 1848 and 1875 that meant that the public health acts changed so much?

A

1861 - germ theory discovered
1854 - cholera outbreak

57
Q

What did the 3 attempts the government made to improve public health in the industrial period show?

A

That it was actually the governments responsibly to ensure that public health was good

58
Q

Who were the 3 key individual involved in public health in the 1800s?

A

Florence Nightingale
Edwin Chadwick
John Snow

59
Q

What were the symptoms of cholera?

A

Uncontrollable diarrhoea
Skin went blue
Muscle spasms and weaknesses

60
Q

What treatments were offered to cholera patients? Why?

A

They were given opiates
Their skin was burnt
Quarantine

BECAUSE OF THE BELIEF IN MIASMA

61
Q

How did local governments respond to cholera?

A

They introduced a quarantine
Open cesspits and garbage piles were cleaned up

62
Q

Why was some action taken by local governments unsuccessful in preventing the spread of cholera?

A

There was still overcrowding
The germ theory hadn’t been created or discovered yet
There was no running water in homes and much clean water in general

63
Q

When was the first cholera epidemic?

A

1832

64
Q

How many died because of the first cholera epidemic?

A

Over 55,000 people died

65
Q

When was the second cholera epidemic?

A

1848

66
Q

How many people died because of the second cholera epidemic?

A

Over 52,000 people

67
Q

Why did the number of cholera epidemics decrease later on in the 1800s?

A

Germ theory introduced - understood the need for clean water
People realised miasma wasn’t the cause of cholera - John Snows discovered it was caused by water

68
Q

Why was Nightingale significant in the development of medicine?

A

Reduced death rates in the Crimean field hospitals - inspired others to do the same in other setting
Improved sanitation and ventilation in British hospitals - has had a long term impact on hospitals today
Founded a training school for nurses at the St Thomas Hospital in London

69
Q

Why was Snow significant in the development of medicine?

A

Used observations and experiments to show that cholera was waterborne - this was a new methodology still used today
Proved cholera was caused by dirty water NOT miasma

70
Q

Why was Chadwick significant in the development of medicine?

A

Wrote a report on public health in 1842 - wanted to improve public health conditions for the poor
Introduced boards of health - responsible for improving public health
Supported the government to pass the Public Health Act of 1848

71
Q

Why was Nightingale insignificant in the development of medicine?

A

Ideas weren’t supported due to the miasma theory being dominant - the germ theory was still unknown
Failed to inspire governments to take action against public health - they still had a Laissez faire attitude

72
Q

Why was Snow insignificant in the development of medicine?

A

Ideas weren’t supported due to the miasma theory being dominant - the germ theory was still unknown
Failed to inspire governments to take action against public health - they still had a Laissez faire attitude
Ideas weren’t accepted UNTIL after his death when Robert Koch proved cholera was caused by a specific bacteria - vibrio cholerea

73
Q

Why was Chadwick insignificant in the development of medicine?

A

Ideas weren’t supported due to the miasma theory being dominant - the germ theory was still unknown
Failed to inspire governments to take action against public health - they still had a Laissez faire attitude

GCSE History (14 decks)

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