Medicine Unit 2 Flashcards
What were some common illnesses in the Renaissance period?
Fever, toothache, gripping in the guts
Who treated illnesses in the Renaissance period?
Barber surgeons
Apothecaries
Wise women
Quacks - frauds
What were the main treatments offered?
Bloodletting
Herbs
What became less risky during the Renaissance?
Surgery
What was the Renaissance?
1400s-1800s when more scientific ideas were being introduced, church ideas were being challenged, people became more curious
Where did the Renaissance begin?
Italy
Who was one of the key individuals of the Renaissance period? (Dissected bodies)
Vesalius
What the book called that Vesalius published?
‘The Fabric of the Human Body’ in 1543
What did Vesalius do to make discoveries?
Dissected human bodies
Who did Vesalius challenge? Why?
He challenged Galen
Because he realised that Galens discoveries were based off of animals
What did Vesalius do?
Organised how different systems in the body worked
Drew illustration of the humans anatomy - these were very accurate
Who did Vesalius inspire?
Barber surgeons
Why was Vesalius insignificant?
Didn’t lead to any cures
Received some criticisms
What were some key discoveries made in the Renaissance period?
Opium
Tobacco
Lemons and limes
Printing press and maps of the world created
Honey
Where was opium discovered? What is it?
Discovered in Turkey
It’s an anaesthetic
Where was tobacco discovered? What was it said to cure?
North America
It was said to cure the plague and toothache - wrongly
What was lemons and limes discovered to treat? Who discovered this?
They were found to treat scurvy
John Woodall discovered this
Who was Leonardo da Vinci? What did he do?
Studied the human body
Drew up the anatomy
Studied corpses to draw bodies
When did Pare make the cream of rose oil discovery?
1537
What did Pare discover?
He discovered that cream of rose oil could treat gunshot wounds by itself rather than having to apply boiling hot oil onto the wound first
What did the cream of rose oil discovery result in?
Less agony for those who had gunshot wounds
What year did Pare write a book about his cream of rose oil discovery?
1545 - 8 years after his discovery
What else did Pare discover except the cream of rose oil?
The use of ligatures after amputations
Why were ligatures used?
They sealed wounds best
What did ligatures replace? Why?
Cauterisation as they were better - caused less agony and led to less infection
What were ligatures?
When threads were used to tie wounds together
What was cauterisation?
Applying heat to wounds to stop bleeding
Why were ligatures and therefore Pare insignificant?
Could infect wounds - he never developed this idea (he gave up on it) as he was busy being a surgeon
Took a long time to do
What is a long term impact of ligatures?
The idea behind them (applying pressure) is still used in emergency cases to stop bleeding
Who was Pare?
A French barber surgeon
What else did Pare do to help soldiers who had amputations?
Made artificial limbs
Who was Pare a surgeon for?
4 Kings
Who was Harvey?
English doctor
What year did Harvey work in a hospital?
1609
Who was Harvey a doctor for? What year did he become this persons surgeon?
King Charles I in 1632
What were the 4 key things that Harvey discovered?
- Blood was made in the liver
- Blood passed from one side of the heart to the other
- Valves
- Blood moved in a constant circle
Why was Harvey significant?
Challenged Galen - some of Galens ideas were wrong so this was useful
Challenged the 4 humours and bloodletting - both ideas were wrong which helped progress medicine
Discovery of circulation of blood was vital for the development of surgeries
Why was Harvey insignificant?
Critics said he was mad - since he went against 4 humours and Galens teaching (both incorrect)
His ideas took 50 years to be accepted
Thought blood was a fuel
What is Harvey’s long term impact on medicine?
Discovery of circulation of blood was vital for the development of surgeries
Many of his ideas are true and still believed today e.g. valves, blood being made in the liver etc.
Who was Hunter?
Scottish army surgeon
What year did Hunter become an army surgeon?
1760
How many specimens did Hunter preserve?
3000
What did Hunter do to get bodies to dissect?
Robbed graves
Who was Hunter a doctor for? What year did he become this persons surgeon?
King George III in 1776
Who did Hunter train?
Edward Jenner
How did Hunters ideas spread?
Wrote many books which were translated into many different languages
What discovery did Hunter make? How was this made? (Blood supply discovery)
Discovered: if blood supply was cut off above tumours, they would be destroyed
Hunter discovered this when he had a patient with an aneurysm on his joint
He was going to amputate
But decided to cut off blood supply above the tumour and observe
6 weeks later, the patient was ok, the aneurysm was gone
What were the problems with amputations?
Led to many issues - infections
What year did Hunter make the blood supply discovery?
1785
What year did Hunter inject himself with STIs?
1767
What STIs did Hunter inject himself with?
Gonorrhoea
Syphilis
Why did Hunter inject himself with STIs?
It was believed that two STIs couldn’t live in the same body at the same time
How did Hunter remove the STIs out of his body?
Recovered by mercury treatment
Why was Hunter significant?
Trained other surgeons and other individuals who impacted medicine - e.g. Edward Jenner (vaccinations)
Stopped the use of amputations
Ideas were widely spread
Why was Hunter insignificant?
His STI experiment didn’t lead to any other discoveries - useless
Who was Edward Jenner?
English doctor
Who was Edward Jenner trained by?
John Hunter
What was believed about smallpox when Jenner was young?
It was believed that if you got smallpox once, you would be able to get it again (inoculations done because of this)
How did Jenner discover vaccinations?
- A milk maid told him that she wouldn’t get smallpox as she had cowpox
- Took puss from a cowpox scar, made a cut in James’s arm and put the puss in the cut
- Then gave him smallpox in the same way a week later, James wasn’t affected by smallpox puss
Therefore, he discovered vaccinations
What year did Jenner discover vaccines?
1796
What were inoculations?
When people are given a small amount of the same disease to stop them from getting it
What were the benefits of inoculations?
Saved many lives
Used for a long time
What were the negatives of inoculations?
Dangerous
Expensive
What did Jenner do with his discoveries?
Recorded all of his experiments
What was a vaccination?
Inserting a substance into the body to stop someone getting a disease
What were the benefits of vaccinations?
Less dangerous & cheaper
Gave people immunity from diseases - more effective than inoculations
Made compulsory - saved hundreds of lives
What were the negatives of the discovery of vaccinations?
Many rejected them - anti vaccination movement
Stopped being compulsory
Could lead to infections
When were vaccines made compulsory?
1853
When happened if you didn’t vaccinate your child when they were compulsory?
Parents were fined
Who led the anti vaccination movement?
Mainly the working class- felt like the government was interfering too much with their lives
What was the main reason for the anti vaccination movement?
Many thought they lead to infections
Moral and ethical reasons
What year did vaccinations stop being compulsory?
1898
Why was Jenner significant?
Supported by the royal family - 1821, he was appointed physician to King George IV
Granted £30,000 by the government
Discovered vaccinations - still used today
His ideas spread quickly to America and Europe
Why was Jenner insignificant?
He never understood the science behind vaccines just knew they worked - lack of understanding
His ideas weren’t accepted by all doctors
Anti vaccination movement - vaccines stopped being compulsory
Vaccines only became compulsory in 1853 - 30 years after he died
Why did many doctors not agree with vaccinations?
They got more money from inoculations
Were still unsure if they worked
Why did Jenner have a long term impact on medicine?
Vaccinations still widely used today
Smallpox isn’t around anymore - has been eradicated
When did the Great Plague begin?
Spring 1665
Where did the Great Plague come from?
China and spread to Europe through trade
When did the Great Plague become a pandemic?
Summer 1665
When was London closed?
June 1665 - only a few people allowed in
What were symptoms of the Great Plague?
Buboes
Coughing
Bruises
How long did it take for a victim of the Great Plague to die?
A few days
What was used for the first time during the Great Plague that is used today and helped prevent the spread of the plague?
Quarantine - red crosses were painted on doors which had infected people in them
How many people died due to the Great Plague in London?
Around 100,000
What did the rich and the poor do during the Great Plague?
Rich - fled
Poor - stayed and died
What were dead bodies buried in?
Mass graves
What were the traditional cures used during the Great Plague?
Fires lit to remove poisons in the air - miasma
People bled themselves with leeches
Puppies were cut alive and applied to sores
What were the scientific cures used during the Great Plague?
The dead were immediately buried
Trade was stopped
Plays and games were banned - to stop crowds forming
What disaster helped stop the Great Plague?
The Great Fire of London
How did the Great Fire of London help stop the Great Plague?
Burnt and killed all the rats with the bacteria
When was the Great Fire of London?
1666
What were the assumed causes of the Great Plague?
Stray animals
Miasma
Astrology
Religion (decreased a little)
What was the real cause of the Great Plague?
Yersinia Pestis
What was used to treat the Great Plague?
Herbs were used
BUT a cure was never found
What were the main consequences of the Great Plague?
Mass graves
100,000 of London died
Many animals were killed
Whose ideas were able to be spread? How?
Hunter, Pare and Vesalius - they wrote books about the discoveries which spread ideas due to the discovery of the printing press - produced the books more quickly so reached more people
How were things like tobacco and opium able to be discovered?
Maps were created - enabled people to go by ships to other countries and discover things
