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GCSE History > Medicine Unit 2 > Flashcards

Medicine Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What were some common illnesses in the Renaissance period?

A

Fever, toothache, gripping in the guts

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2
Q

Who treated illnesses in the Renaissance period?

A

Barber surgeons
Apothecaries
Wise women
Quacks - frauds

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3
Q

What were the main treatments offered?

A

Bloodletting
Herbs

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4
Q

What became less risky during the Renaissance?

A

Surgery

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5
Q

What was the Renaissance?

A

1400s-1800s when more scientific ideas were being introduced, church ideas were being challenged, people became more curious

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6
Q

Where did the Renaissance begin?

A

Italy

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7
Q

Who was one of the key individuals of the Renaissance period? (Dissected bodies)

A

Vesalius

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8
Q

What the book called that Vesalius published?

A

‘The Fabric of the Human Body’ in 1543

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9
Q

What did Vesalius do to make discoveries?

A

Dissected human bodies

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10
Q

Who did Vesalius challenge? Why?

A

He challenged Galen
Because he realised that Galens discoveries were based off of animals

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11
Q

What did Vesalius do?

A

Organised how different systems in the body worked
Drew illustration of the humans anatomy - these were very accurate

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12
Q

Who did Vesalius inspire?

A

Barber surgeons

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13
Q

Why was Vesalius insignificant?

A

Didn’t lead to any cures
Received some criticisms

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14
Q

What were some key discoveries made in the Renaissance period?

A

Opium
Tobacco
Lemons and limes
Printing press and maps of the world created
Honey

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15
Q

Where was opium discovered? What is it?

A

Discovered in Turkey
It’s an anaesthetic

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16
Q

Where was tobacco discovered? What was it said to cure?

A

North America
It was said to cure the plague and toothache - wrongly

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17
Q

What was lemons and limes discovered to treat? Who discovered this?

A

They were found to treat scurvy
John Woodall discovered this

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18
Q

Who was Leonardo da Vinci? What did he do?

A

Studied the human body
Drew up the anatomy
Studied corpses to draw bodies

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19
Q

When did Pare make the cream of rose oil discovery?

A

1537

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20
Q

What did Pare discover?

A

He discovered that cream of rose oil could treat gunshot wounds by itself rather than having to apply boiling hot oil onto the wound first

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21
Q

What did the cream of rose oil discovery result in?

A

Less agony for those who had gunshot wounds

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22
Q

What year did Pare write a book about his cream of rose oil discovery?

A

1545 - 8 years after his discovery

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23
Q

What else did Pare discover except the cream of rose oil?

A

The use of ligatures after amputations

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24
Q

Why were ligatures used?

A

They sealed wounds best

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25
Q

What did ligatures replace? Why?

A

Cauterisation as they were better - caused less agony and led to less infection

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26
Q

What were ligatures?

A

When threads were used to tie wounds together

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27
Q

What was cauterisation?

A

Applying heat to wounds to stop bleeding

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28
Q

Why were ligatures and therefore Pare insignificant?

A

Could infect wounds - he never developed this idea (he gave up on it) as he was busy being a surgeon
Took a long time to do

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29
Q

What is a long term impact of ligatures?

A

The idea behind them (applying pressure) is still used in emergency cases to stop bleeding

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30
Q

Who was Pare?

A

A French barber surgeon

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31
Q

What else did Pare do to help soldiers who had amputations?

A

Made artificial limbs

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32
Q

Who was Pare a surgeon for?

A

4 Kings

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33
Q

Who was Harvey?

A

English doctor

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34
Q

What year did Harvey work in a hospital?

A

1609

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35
Q

Who was Harvey a doctor for? What year did he become this persons surgeon?

A

King Charles I in 1632

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36
Q

What were the 4 key things that Harvey discovered?

A
  1. Blood was made in the liver
  2. Blood passed from one side of the heart to the other
  3. Valves
  4. Blood moved in a constant circle
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37
Q

Why was Harvey significant?

A

Challenged Galen - some of Galens ideas were wrong so this was useful
Challenged the 4 humours and bloodletting - both ideas were wrong which helped progress medicine
Discovery of circulation of blood was vital for the development of surgeries

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38
Q

Why was Harvey insignificant?

A

Critics said he was mad - since he went against 4 humours and Galens teaching (both incorrect)
His ideas took 50 years to be accepted
Thought blood was a fuel

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39
Q

What is Harvey’s long term impact on medicine?

A

Discovery of circulation of blood was vital for the development of surgeries
Many of his ideas are true and still believed today e.g. valves, blood being made in the liver etc.

40
Q

Who was Hunter?

A

Scottish army surgeon

41
Q

What year did Hunter become an army surgeon?

A

1760

42
Q

How many specimens did Hunter preserve?

A

3000

43
Q

What did Hunter do to get bodies to dissect?

A

Robbed graves

44
Q

Who was Hunter a doctor for? What year did he become this persons surgeon?

A

King George III in 1776

45
Q

Who did Hunter train?

A

Edward Jenner

46
Q

How did Hunters ideas spread?

A

Wrote many books which were translated into many different languages

47
Q

What discovery did Hunter make? How was this made? (Blood supply discovery)

A

Discovered: if blood supply was cut off above tumours, they would be destroyed

Hunter discovered this when he had a patient with an aneurysm on his joint
He was going to amputate
But decided to cut off blood supply above the tumour and observe
6 weeks later, the patient was ok, the aneurysm was gone

48
Q

What were the problems with amputations?

A

Led to many issues - infections

49
Q

What year did Hunter make the blood supply discovery?

A

1785

50
Q

What year did Hunter inject himself with STIs?

A

1767

51
Q

What STIs did Hunter inject himself with?

A

Gonorrhoea
Syphilis

52
Q

Why did Hunter inject himself with STIs?

A

It was believed that two STIs couldn’t live in the same body at the same time

53
Q

How did Hunter remove the STIs out of his body?

A

Recovered by mercury treatment

54
Q

Why was Hunter significant?

A

Trained other surgeons and other individuals who impacted medicine - e.g. Edward Jenner (vaccinations)
Stopped the use of amputations
Ideas were widely spread

55
Q

Why was Hunter insignificant?

A

His STI experiment didn’t lead to any other discoveries - useless

56
Q

Who was Edward Jenner?

A

English doctor

57
Q

Who was Edward Jenner trained by?

A

John Hunter

58
Q

What was believed about smallpox when Jenner was young?

A

It was believed that if you got smallpox once, you would be able to get it again (inoculations done because of this)

59
Q

How did Jenner discover vaccinations?

A
  1. A milk maid told him that she wouldn’t get smallpox as she had cowpox
  2. Took puss from a cowpox scar, made a cut in James’s arm and put the puss in the cut
  3. Then gave him smallpox in the same way a week later, James wasn’t affected by smallpox puss

Therefore, he discovered vaccinations

60
Q

What year did Jenner discover vaccines?

A

1796

61
Q

What were inoculations?

A

When people are given a small amount of the same disease to stop them from getting it

62
Q

What were the benefits of inoculations?

A

Saved many lives
Used for a long time

63
Q

What were the negatives of inoculations?

A

Dangerous
Expensive

64
Q

What did Jenner do with his discoveries?

A

Recorded all of his experiments

65
Q

What was a vaccination?

A

Inserting a substance into the body to stop someone getting a disease

66
Q

What were the benefits of vaccinations?

A

Less dangerous & cheaper
Gave people immunity from diseases - more effective than inoculations
Made compulsory - saved hundreds of lives

67
Q

What were the negatives of the discovery of vaccinations?

A

Many rejected them - anti vaccination movement
Stopped being compulsory
Could lead to infections

68
Q

When were vaccines made compulsory?

A

1853

69
Q

When happened if you didn’t vaccinate your child when they were compulsory?

A

Parents were fined

70
Q

Who led the anti vaccination movement?

A

Mainly the working class- felt like the government was interfering too much with their lives

71
Q

What was the main reason for the anti vaccination movement?

A

Many thought they lead to infections
Moral and ethical reasons

72
Q

What year did vaccinations stop being compulsory?

A

1898

73
Q

Why was Jenner significant?

A

Supported by the royal family - 1821, he was appointed physician to King George IV
Granted £30,000 by the government
Discovered vaccinations - still used today
His ideas spread quickly to America and Europe

74
Q

Why was Jenner insignificant?

A

He never understood the science behind vaccines just knew they worked - lack of understanding
His ideas weren’t accepted by all doctors
Anti vaccination movement - vaccines stopped being compulsory
Vaccines only became compulsory in 1853 - 30 years after he died

75
Q

Why did many doctors not agree with vaccinations?

A

They got more money from inoculations
Were still unsure if they worked

76
Q

Why did Jenner have a long term impact on medicine?

A

Vaccinations still widely used today
Smallpox isn’t around anymore - has been eradicated

77
Q

When did the Great Plague begin?

A

Spring 1665

78
Q

Where did the Great Plague come from?

A

China and spread to Europe through trade

79
Q

When did the Great Plague become a pandemic?

A

Summer 1665

80
Q

When was London closed?

A

June 1665 - only a few people allowed in

81
Q

What were symptoms of the Great Plague?

A

Buboes
Coughing
Bruises

82
Q

How long did it take for a victim of the Great Plague to die?

A

A few days

83
Q

What was used for the first time during the Great Plague that is used today and helped prevent the spread of the plague?

A

Quarantine - red crosses were painted on doors which had infected people in them

84
Q

How many people died due to the Great Plague in London?

A

Around 100,000

85
Q

What did the rich and the poor do during the Great Plague?

A

Rich - fled
Poor - stayed and died

86
Q

What were dead bodies buried in?

A

Mass graves

87
Q

What were the traditional cures used during the Great Plague?

A

Fires lit to remove poisons in the air - miasma
People bled themselves with leeches
Puppies were cut alive and applied to sores

88
Q

What were the scientific cures used during the Great Plague?

A

The dead were immediately buried
Trade was stopped
Plays and games were banned - to stop crowds forming

89
Q

What disaster helped stop the Great Plague?

A

The Great Fire of London

90
Q

How did the Great Fire of London help stop the Great Plague?

A

Burnt and killed all the rats with the bacteria

91
Q

When was the Great Fire of London?

A

1666

92
Q

What were the assumed causes of the Great Plague?

A

Stray animals
Miasma
Astrology
Religion (decreased a little)

93
Q

What was the real cause of the Great Plague?

A

Yersinia Pestis

94
Q

What was used to treat the Great Plague?

A

Herbs were used
BUT a cure was never found

95
Q

What were the main consequences of the Great Plague?

A

Mass graves
100,000 of London died
Many animals were killed

96
Q

Whose ideas were able to be spread? How?

A

Hunter, Pare and Vesalius - they wrote books about the discoveries which spread ideas due to the discovery of the printing press - produced the books more quickly so reached more people

97
Q

How were things like tobacco and opium able to be discovered?

A

Maps were created - enabled people to go by ships to other countries and discover things

GCSE History (14 decks)

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