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dermatology > normal skin cell histopathology > Flashcards

normal skin cell histopathology Flashcards

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/ https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/5-1-layers-of-the-skin/ https://dermnetnz.org/topics/terminology https://www.britannica.com/science/ground-substance https://www.histology.leeds.ac.uk/tissue_types/connective/connective_groundS.php https://dermnetnz.org/topics/terminology

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Dermatology Board Prep flashcards
1
Q

3 layers that make up skin

A

epidermis
dermis
subcutis / hypodermis

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2
Q

epidermis - main cells found in this layer

A

keratinocyte
melanocyte
langerhans cell
merkel cell

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3
Q

epidermis - what type of epithelium is it

A

stratified squamous epithelium
ie columns of flattened cells stack on one another

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4
Q

broadly, the 2 types of epithelium and what’s the difference

A

epidermis, mucous membrane
- epidermis has a keratin layer that makes it hard and dry
- mucous membranes by comparison don’t have keratin layer and are moist

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5
Q

what are the rete ridges

A

parts of epidermis that protrudes or invaginates into the dermis
- they look like unitary protrusions, but they’re actually a continuous network hence rete
- they’re what make the small lines on the surface of your skin

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6
Q

what are the dermal papillae

A

little nipple-like projections from the dermis that fit between the rete ridges. these are solitary hence nipple-y, unlike rete ridges

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7
Q

what is the suprapapillary plate

A

the section of epithelium that’s between each ridge, it sits on top of a dermal papule

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8
Q

natural progression of keratinocytes

A

start off deep, moving outwards to the surface
keep accumulating keratin
by the time they’re on the surface they get hard, the nucleus is gone
then eventually its shed off

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9
Q

4((+1) cell layers in epithelium - from deep to superficial

A

Lucidum is +1

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10
Q

stratum basale
- what layer is it, adjacent layers

A
  • deepest layer of epidermis
  • sits superficial to basal lamina, and deep to spinosum
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11
Q

stratum granulosum - characteristics (3)

A
  • sits superficial to stratum spinosum, deep to lucidum/corneum
  • cells have basophilic granules
  • waxy substance secreted between cells
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12
Q

stratum spinosum - characteristic that gives its name

A
  • desmosomes connect the cells like little prickles
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13
Q

stratum corneum - characteristics

A

dead, dried out cells without nuclei at the surface of skin

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14
Q

what macroscopic skin structure do the rete ridges correspond with

A

small lines on the surface of skin correspond with rete ridges

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15
Q

another name for stratum basale

A

stratum germinativum

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16
Q

another name for stratum germinativum

A

stratum basale

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17
Q

histology - what does squamous mean

A

flat, like a roof tile or a lizard scale

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18
Q

name of blood vessels inside the epidermis

A

none, its avascular

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19
Q

histology - difference between thin skin and thick skin

A

thick skin has a stratum lucidum

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20
Q

what parts of the body have ‘thick skin’

A

palms, soles of feet

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21
Q

cell type that makes up 95% of epidermis

A

keratinocyte

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22
Q

role of keratinocyte in skin

A

produces and stores keratin

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23
Q

(skin) basal cells
- what does it look like

A

cuboidal shape

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24
Q

(skin) basal cells
- what cells do these produce

A

stem cells that produce keratinocytes

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25
Q

what stem cell is the precursor to keratinocytes

A

basal cell

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26
Q

stratum basale
- how does it connect to the dermis layer

A

intertwining collagen fibres, known as the basement membrane

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27
Q

stratum basale
- main role
- other cells found in this layer

A
  • its where the basal cells sit and produce keratinocytes
  • melanocytes, merkel cells and langerhan cells
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28
Q

merkel cell
- main function

A

touch sense receptor, sends message to nerves

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29
Q

stratum spinosum
- what gives this layer a spiny appearance

A
  • structures called desmosomes connect the cells in this layer
  • its only visible on stained skin cells
30
Q

stratum granulosum
- what gives the keratinocytes in this layer a granular appearance

A

keratohyalin accumulation inside the cell

31
Q

stratum granulosum
- what are the keratinocytes in this layer getting up to

A
  • producing heaps of keratin and keratohyalin
  • nucleus and other organelles in the cells die, eventually turning it into a mass of keratin
32
Q

stratum lucidum
- characteristics (2)

A
  • translucent layer, above granulosum
  • dead, flattened keratinocytes
33
Q

stratum lucidum
- which body parts is it found

A

thick skin of palms and soles

34
Q

stratum lucidum
- what gives it a translucent appearance

A

eleiden, a protein rich in lipids

35
Q

eleiden
- what is it
- what is it derived from
- role in skin

A

a protein rich in lipids
derived from keratohyalin
acts as a thick waterproof barrier in stratum lucidum

36
Q

what layer of epidermis is eleiden found in

A

stratum lucidum, epidermis

37
Q

layer of epidermis exposed to environment

A

stratum corneum

38
Q

stratum corneum
- characteristics (2)

A

stack of 15-30 layers of cells, mostly keratin, sitting on the surface of skin

39
Q

stratum corneum
- how long does this layer take to be replaced

A

4 weeks

40
Q

when a bad sunburn happens, why does the skin peel in sheets

A

stratum corneum cells still have desmosomes connecting to one another, so it comes off as a sheet

41
Q

ground substance
- brief description
- what’s it made of

A
  • translucent gel component of connective tissue
  • made up of large carbohydrates, mucopolysaccharides / glycosaminoglycans
42
Q

dermis - name of the 2 layers

A

papillary layer
reticular layer

43
Q

dermis papillary layer - description

A

its the layer that forms the dermal papillae, and anchors the epidermis

44
Q

what skin structures give rise to fingerprints

A

dermal papillae and rete networks

45
Q

what skin structures are in dermis (4)

A
  • blood
  • lymphatic vessels
  • hair follices
  • sweat glands
46
Q

what cell produces connective tissue substances

A

fibroblast

47
Q

role of fibroblasts

A

produce elastin, collagenous fibres, ground substance

48
Q

characteristics of glycosaminoglycans (3) and their effect

A
  • highly negative charge, which attracts Na+ and therefore water by osmotic pressure
  • inflexible, so they resist compressive forces
  • hydrophilic ++, keeps them hydrated
49
Q

4 types of glycosaminoglycans

A

hyaluronic acid
chondroitin sulphate and dermatan sulphate
heparan sulphate
keratan sulphate

50
Q

hypodermis - main role

A

connect skin to underlying fascia (fibrous tissue)

51
Q

the types of proper ‘non-specialised’ connective tissue and the difference between them

A
  • loose and dense irregular connective tissue
  • loose tissue has more actual cells, dense is mostly extracellular matrix
52
Q

difference in connective tissues of the dermal layers

A

papillary layer - loose CT
rete layer - dense irregular CT

53
Q

other names for hypodermis (2)

A

subcutis, superficial fascia

54
Q

what makes up the subcutis layer

A

loose CT and adipose tissue

55
Q

what layer of epidermis are the melanocytes located

A

stratum basale

56
Q

how do keratinocytes get their pigment

A

melanocytes produce melanin, which gets deposited in keratinocytes as melanosomes

57
Q

mechanism for skin tanning

A

excess UV exposure drives up melanin production, which gets deposited in keratinocytes
when UV drops, production drops and skin eventually reverts back to previous color

58
Q

what role does melanin play in UV exposure

A

melanin protects DNA from excess UV exposure

59
Q

what is keratohyalin

A

protein structure found in granular vesicles inside stratum granulosum, containing keratin, filaggrin

60
Q

epidermal appendages and their functions

A

eccrine glands - produce sweat
apocrine glands - scent glands in armpits, groin
pilosebaceous unit - hair and sebaceous gland
nails - to scratch people

61
Q

what are the eccrine glands

A

regular sweat producing gland

62
Q

what are the apocrine glands, where are they located

A

scent glands in armpits and groin

63
Q

what are the arrector pili muscles
where are they located in skin layer

A

muscle attached to hair follicles, controls where the hair points
in the dermis

64
Q

langerhans cells are part of what body system

A

immune system

65
Q

what cells are langerhans cells derived from

A

there’s debate, some claim monocyte-macrophage, others claim dendritic cells

66
Q

what immune role do langerhans cells have

A

antigen presenting cells

67
Q

characteristic finding of langerhans cells on histopathology

A

cytoplasmic birbeck granules

68
Q

what are birbeck granules

A

cytoplasmic organelles shaped like tennis rackets

69
Q

what cells are birbeck granules found in

A

langerhans cells

70
Q

where do langerhans cells normally reside when inactive

A

prickle cell layer of epidermis (stratum spinosum)

71
Q

once activated, where do langerhans cells move to

A

lymph nodes

72
Q
A

dermatology (8 decks)

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