normal pregnancy

Question 1

probable signs

Answer 1

• nausea or sickness
  ⮚ Gastric upset
  ⮚ Repeated vomitting in morning
  ⮚ Reduced gastric motility
  ⮚ Lower esophageal sphincter relaxed
• morning sickness
• amenorrhea : overdue menstrual period
• Bladder symptoms
  ⮚ increased micturition in 2nd and 3rd months dt increased vascularity and pressure frm enlarging uterus
• softening and enlargement of the cervix ( Hegar sign; observed at approximately 6 wk ).

Question 2

true signs

Answer 2

• Breast changes
  ⮚ increased vascularity and sensation of heaviness, almost pain appear at 6 weeks.
  ⮚ By 8 weeks the nipple and surrounding area-primary areola-have become pigmented
  ⮚ Montgomery’s tubercles-sebaceous glands which become more prominent as raised pink-red nodules on the areola.
  ⮚ By 16 weeks clear fluid ( colostrums ) secreted.
  ⮚ By 20 weeks secondary areola become prominent.
• Awareness of fetal movement(quickening)
  ⮚ felt by mother at 16-18 weeks in parous women and 2-3 weeks later in a primigravida
• Palpable uterine contractions
  ⮚ irregular,painless contractions frm 9th to 10th week onward may palpable by 20th week ( Braxton Hicks CONTRACTIONS)
• Auscultation of fetal heart
  ⮚ can be heard frm 24-26 weeks by fetal stethoscope
  ⮚ Doppler US can detect frm 12-14 weeks
• Skin changes
  ⮚ Nipples,external genitalia and analregion become more pigmented
  ⮚ fresh pigmentation appears on face and on abdomen.
• The Chadwick sign is a bluish discoloration of the cervix from venous congestion and can be observed by 8-10 weeks.
• A gravid uterus may be palpable low in the abdomen if the pregnancy has progressed far enough, usually by 12 weeks

Question 3

doubtful signs

Answer 3

• changes of appetite
• changes of favorites
• emotional unstable

Question 4

investigation ( first visit )

Answer 4

• Ultrasonography
• Amniocentesis
• Chorionic villus sampling
• Fetal blood cells in maternal blood
• Maternal serum alpha-fetoprotein
• Maternal serum beta-HCG
• Maternal serum estriol