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Heme/Lymph Exam > Normal Hematopoiesis > Flashcards

Normal Hematopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

tissues of the hematopoietic system

A

-bone marrow and all blood corpuscles
-liver
-spleen
-lymph nodes
-thymus

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2
Q

bone marrow

A

*hollow spaces of bones filled with all blood cell precursors

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3
Q

bone marrow cellularity & aging

A

*infancy: cellularity is 100%
*cellularity decreases by 10% with each decade of life
*around age 70-80, cellularity remains at 20-30%
*general rule of thumb for bone marrow cellularity: 100 - age of patient

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4
Q

normal production of bone marrow

A

*normal myeloid to erythroid ratio is 3:1
*controlled growth with increase in activity based upon demand [infection, low tissue oxygenation, etc]
*ACTIVITY IS DECREASED WHEN DEMAND IS MET (return to steady state bone marrow production)
*mediated by growth factors
*increase in production results in greater numbers of mature cells and some young cells, but no immature cells are released

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5
Q

stromal matrix of bone marrow

A

*stromal cells [fibroblasts, fat cells, endothelial cells]
*adhesion molecules
*growth factors

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6
Q

hematopoiesis during embryogenesis

A

*hematopoiesis begins early (week 3)
*mesenchymal cells either become endothelial cells or blood cells

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7
Q

site of hematopoiesis in the first 6 weeks of gestation

A

yolk sac

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8
Q

site of hematopoiesis 6-18 weeks of gestation

A

liver

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9
Q

site of hematopoiesis 18-30 weeks of gestation

A

liver and spleen

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10
Q

site of hematopoiesis 30 weeks of gestation to birth to 8 week old infant

A

liver, spleen, and bone marrow

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11
Q

site of hematopoiesis > 10 weeks postnatal

A

bone marrow ONLY

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12
Q

normal erythropoiesis: stages of red cell maturation

A
  1. pronormoblast
  2. basophilic normoblast
  3. polychromatophilic normoblast
  4. orthochromatic normoblast
  5. reticulocyte
  6. mature red blood cell
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13
Q

normal erythropoiesis: how does the CELL SIZE change during maturation from a pronormoblast to a mature RBC?

A

cell size DECREASES with maturation

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14
Q

normal erythropoiesis: how does the NUCLEUS change during maturation from a pronormoblast to a mature RBC?

A

*nucleus is always ROUND
*chromatin condenses with maturation
*nucleus:cytoplasm ratio DECREASES with maturation
*ultimately, the nucleus disappears

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15
Q

normal erythropoiesis: how does the CYTOPLASM change during maturation from a pronormoblast to a mature RBC?

A

*basophilia (blue cytoplasm) = immaturity
*magenta = as maturation occurs and hemoglobin accumulates
*no granules

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16
Q

characteristics of a mature RBC

A

*no nucleus
*no cytoplasmic organelles
*no protein or lipid synthesis
*no oxidative phosphorylation

17
Q

basic functions of a mature RBC

A

*picks up oxygen from the lungs
*delivers oxygen to tissues
*picks up CO2 from the tissues
*delivers CO2 to the lungs

18
Q

mature RBC: shape

A

*biconcave disk shape → large surface area → good for gas exchange
*highly deformable; allows changes in size (8 microns in a large vein to 2 microns in a capillary)
*proper RBC function (due to proper shape) is essential for the function of the rest of the body

19
Q

categories of leukocytes (WBCs)

A
  1. granulocytes [neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils]
  2. lymphocytes [T cells, B cells, natural killer cells]
  3. monocytes [tissue macrophages]
20
Q

alternative names for neutrophils

A

*polys
*PMNs (polymorphonuclear neutrophil)
*Segs (segmented neutrophils)
*CHARACTERIZED BY NUCLEI WITH: 3-5 lobes separated by a thread

21
Q

6 stages of neutrophil maturation

A
  1. myeloblast
  2. promyelocyte
  3. myelocyte
  4. metamyelocyte
  5. band
  6. neutrophil
22
Q

functions of neutrophils

A

*help fight infection, esp bacterial infections
*can phagocytize small particles:
-particle gets surrounded by pseudopods that fuse, forming a vacuole/phagosome
-granules fuse with phagosome
-contents enter, dropping pH to 4.0
-acidic environment plus additional enzymes result in killing and digestion of bacteria

23
Q

lifespan of neutrophils

A

*live for 6-7 hours in the blood
*live for 1-4 days in tissue

24
Q

eosinophils - overview

A

*bi-lobed nucleus
*eosinophilic (pink, juicy) granules
*PARASITIC INFECTIONS, allergic reactions, vasculitis, some hematologic malignancies

25
Q

basophils - overview

A

*basophilic (dark purple/blue) granules
*role in allergic disorders:
-IgE receptors
-allergen binds to IgE
-release histamine
*increased in myeloproliferative disorders

26
Q

monocytes - overview

A

*large, kidney-shaped nucleus; extensive “frosted glass” cytoplasm
*circulate in the bloodstream for only 24 hours
*then, go into tissues to become MACROPHAGES or dendritic cells
*ingest fungi, mycobacteria, and play a role in battling pyogenic bacteria

27
Q

development of lymphocytes

A

*produced in bone marrow
*migrate to other sites of the body to mature and acquire specific properties:
-T cells: mature in thymus; helper and suppressor cells
-B cells: produce antibodies against foreign antigens {plasma cells)
-NK cells: large granular lymphocytes

28
Q

characteristics of lymphocytes

A

*round, densely staining nucleus with very little cytoplasm
*typically do NOT have granules
*nucleus is about the same size as a RBC
*life span = years
*peripheral blood:
-70% T cells
-25% B cells
-<5% NK cells
-NO plasma cells

29
Q

antigens expressed on B cells

A

*CD10
*CD19
*CD20
*CD79
*sIg kappa/lambda

30
Q

antigens expressed on NK cells

A

*CD16
*CD56

31
Q

antigens expressed on T cells

A

*CD3
*CD4
*CD5
*CD7
*CD8

32
Q

platelets - overview

A

*megakaryocytes are multinucleated precursors of platelets
-largest cells in the body
-do not circulate (filtered out by lung microvasculature)
*no intermediate maturation stages (little bits of the cytoplasm pinch off to form platelets; 1 megakaryocyte can create a bunch of platelets)

33
Q

spleen - general functions

A

*“lymph node on steroids”: largest collection of lymphoid tissue in a person (spleen is full of lymphocytes)
*help filter the blood to remove:
-pathogens
-senescent or abnormal blood cells
*lymph nodes filter lymph; SPLEEN FILTERS BLOOD

34
Q

white pulp of spleen - function

A

*lymphoid nodules within the red pulp
*~25% of lymphocytes in the body are in the spleen
*T cells form PALS (periarterial lymphatic arteries) around the central arterioles
*B cells comprise the majority of the lymphoid nodule
*antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells)

35
Q

red pulp of spleen - function

A

*red = rich in blood
*composed of SINUSOIDS and SPLENIC CORDS called BILIROTH’S CORDS
-cords are dead ends; cells are trapped if they can’t squeeze through
-during periods of extensive red cell damage and splenic activity, blood may enter the spleen but be unable to exit (sequestration)
*many monocyte-macrophages (monos/macs are most active here than anywhere else in the body)

Heme/Lymph Exam (38 decks)

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