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MFMII > Normal Flora > Flashcards

Normal Flora Flashcards

1
Q

what is true resident flora

A

strains with established niche at body sites where they stay indefinitely

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2
Q

what is transient flora

A

flora acquired from environment that establish briefly, but then are excluded by competition from residents or host immune systems

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3
Q

what is a carrier state

A

organisms known to be potentially pathogenic transiently growing

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4
Q

what flora can be found in the throats of 5-40% of people

A

strepococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis

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5
Q

function of normal flora

A
  1. barrier to infection and colonization by pathogenic bacteria
  2. synthesize some vitamins we need
  3. stimulates immune system
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6
Q

how much bacteria does the body have?

A

1.2kg of bacteria on and in their body

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7
Q

what is antagonism

A

where normal flora prevents colonization of GI tract and respiratory tract by pathogens

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8
Q

how do normal flora prime the immune system?

A

primes to PAMP and raises basic level of tolerance to some common pathogens, so host responds to invading pathogens

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9
Q

what causes opportunistic infections

A
  1. injury - break in skin or mucosa
  2. physical destruction - peritonitis, burns
  3. immunosuppression
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10
Q

what causes normal flora to become pathogenic

A
  1. opportunistic infections
  2. ecological disruptions (aka overgrowth of bacteria – BV)
  3. conversion of non carcinogens to carcinogens (h pylori to GI and breast cancer)
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11
Q

where is normal flora found

A

skin, nails, eyes, oropharynx, genitalia, GI

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12
Q

is there flora in a fetus at birth?

A

no, is sterile, but acquired during and immediatly after birth

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13
Q

where do babies encounter their first flora

A
  1. normal flora from mothers genital tract and skin

2. respiratory tract of people present at birth

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14
Q

what influences what bacteria colonize where?

A

pH, redox potential, oxygen, water, nutrient level, resistance to local antibacterial substances

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15
Q

what flora live on the skin?

A
  1. staph aureus
    2 staph epidermidis
  2. propionibacerium acnes
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16
Q

what flora live in the mouth/throat?

A

strepococci, anaerobic bacteria, candidia albicans

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17
Q

what flora live in the large intestine?

A

coliforms like E coli (10^11 per gram)

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18
Q

what flora live in the female genital tract?

A

lactobacilli which lower pH by producing lactate

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19
Q

3 main regions of flora on skin

A
  1. axilla, perineum, toe webs
  2. hand, face, trunk
  3. upper arms, legs, scalp
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20
Q

why is skin unfavorable for most bacteria?

A
  1. too dry
  2. too acidic (5.5)
  3. rapid turnover of epithelial cells
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21
Q

most important factor limiting number and kinds of bacteria on skin

A

dryness of skin

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22
Q

what substance produced on skin inhibit gram negative flora?

A

unsaturated fatty acids produced by gram positive bacteria

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23
Q

how is the skin acidic

A

sweat glands excrete lysozyme which inhibits gram positive bugs by hydrolyzing NAG/NAM

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24
Q

what type of microbes live in axilla, perineum and toes?

A

gram negatives

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25
Q

where do staphylococcus aureus live

A
  1. nose
  2. perineum
  3. vulvar tissue
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26
Q

what is the major inhabitant of the skin

A

staphylococcus epidermidis

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27
Q

what flora is common on patients with atopic dermatitis?

A

staph aureus

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28
Q

what bacteria are commonly found in acne lesions

A

propionibacterium acnes

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29
Q

what are propionibacterium

A

gram positive

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30
Q

what are staphylococcus

A

gram positive

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31
Q

where are propionibacterium avidum found?

A

axilla

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32
Q

where do anaerobes live?

A

within ducts of hair follicles and sebaceous glands - what is why antiseptic tx or washing cannot remove them

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33
Q

does the stomach contain any resident organisms when healthy

A

little or few resident organisms except H pylori

34
Q

flora in upper small intestine

A

scanty except in the lower ileum

35
Q

flora in the duodenum

A

VOID of natural flora

36
Q

flora in jejunum

A

streptococcus ssp, corynebacterium ssp, lactobacillus ssp.

37
Q

what indicates abnormality in small intestine?

A

people with 10^5 - 10^7 bacteria/mL

38
Q

what is associated with increased bacteria in small intestine?

A

achrlohydria malabsorption syndrome where lack of HCl in stomach

39
Q

flora in ileum

A

lactobacillus ssp, streptococcus spp, enterobacteriaceae ssp, bacteroide ssp – contains 10^5 - 10^8 bacteria/mL

40
Q

what place carriers the most abundant and diverse microbiota in the body

A

colon

41
Q

what flora in colon

A

mostly anaerobes, bacteroides, fusobacterium, eubacterium, clostridium and facultative organisms like E coli, enterococci and yeasts

42
Q

what impacts species composition in the colon?

A

diet! increased meat means increased bacteroides and other anaerobic gram negative rods

43
Q

top 6 species in the colon

A
  1. bacteroids thetaiotaomicron
  2. bacteroids vulgatus
  3. fusobacterium prausnitzii
  4. bifidobacterium adolescentis
  5. eubacterium acrofaciens
  6. peptostreptococcus productus (anaerobic)
44
Q

what do the top 6 species in the colon produce

A

acetic, butyric and lactic acid which inhibit other bacteria

45
Q

what is included in the top 20 speies in the colon?

A

bacteroides fragilis

clostridum ramosum

46
Q

what is included in the lower 50 species in the colon

A

enterococcus faecalis

e coli

47
Q

benefits of gut microbiota

A
  1. maintains GI tract peristalsis and integrity
  2. synthesizes vitamin K and B complex
  3. convert dietary carcinogens and precarcinogens to noncarcinogens
48
Q

what does the layer of bacteria in the gut secrete?

A

bacteroicins that inhibit other bacteria and prevent certain bacteria from colonizing, and protects basement epithelial cells from pathogenic bacteria by blocking adhesion

49
Q

which organs are sterile in healthy humans?

A

kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder

50
Q

what indicates a contaminated urine sample?

A

10^4 bacteria

51
Q

what does female normal flora depend on ?

A

age, pH and hormone levels

52
Q

what bacteria predominate in adult women?

A
  1. lactobacillus acidophilus
  2. bacteroides ssp
  3. clostridium ssp
  4. peptostrepococcus
53
Q

what bacteria predominate in young women (1 month old to puberty) and post menopausal women?

A
  1. staphylococcus epidermidis
  2. streptococcus ssp
  3. e coli
54
Q

why does flora change with age?

A

estrogen causes an increase in glycogen, so lack of estrogen makes glycogen stop being secreted, and causes a rise in pH

55
Q

benefit of lactobacillus in women

A

maintains acidic environment and inhibits gram negative bacterial growth (bacterial antagonism)

56
Q

what is grade I

A

only lactobacillus present

57
Q

what is grade II

A

both lactobacillus and gardnerella or bacteroides present

58
Q

what is grade III

A

bacterial vaginosis, lactobacillus are absent and only gardnerella, bacteroides-prevotella or mobiluncus cell types present

59
Q

what is grade IV

A

gram positive cocci predominantly present

60
Q

what upper respiratory organs are free of normal flora/

A

larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

61
Q

URT normal flora:

A
  1. staphylococcus epidermidis
  2. corynebacterium ssp
  3. lactobacillus ssp
  4. p acnes
62
Q

URT transient flora which are asymptomatic

A
  1. strep pneumoniae
  2. staph aureus
  3. h influenzae
  4. neisseria meningitidis
63
Q

describe flora of external 1 cm of anterior nares

A

similar to skin, mostly staph aureus

64
Q

describe flora of naspharynx

A

similar to mouth, also pneumococci, meningococci and haemophilus

65
Q

flora of respiratory tract below larynx

A

only transiently inhaled organisms bc free of flora due to epithelial cilia and muco-ciliary blanket

66
Q

normal flora in mouth

A

facultative and anaerobic bacteria

67
Q

flora on buccal mucosa

A

streptococci

68
Q

flora in oropharynx

A

streptococci and neisseria

69
Q

flora in depths of gingival crevices around teeth?

A

strict anaerobes and microaerophilic organisms

70
Q

describe oral flora in a newborn 1 day old baby

A

sterile

71
Q

describe oral flora in 1 week old baby

A

strep salivarius, strep mitis, veillonella and other anaerobes

72
Q

describe oral flora in infants with no teeth

A

streptococcus!!

73
Q

describe oral flora in infants with teeth

A

obligate anaerobes aka fusobacterium and bacteroides and facultative anaerobes like strep mutans on teeth surfaces

74
Q

when is normal oral flora present?

A

1 year old

75
Q

what is the primary producer of dental caries?

A

streptococcus mutans

76
Q

when can normal flora become pathogenic?

A
  1. when misplaced
  2. overgrown (immunocompromised)
  3. enhanced virulence
77
Q

what causes acute UTI

A

E coli

78
Q

what causes peritonitis and intra abdominal abscesses?

A

gram positive and negative bacteria that is from perforation of the colon

79
Q

which microorganism is found in gingival crevices at puberty

A

treponema sp

80
Q

3 body locations where gram stain alone will not be diagnostic

A
  1. nose
  2. oropharynx
  3. vagina

because residence of normal flora which resemble pathogens

MFMII (29 decks)

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