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Normal Flora Flashcards

1
Q

what is true resident flora

A

strains with established niche at body sites where they stay indefinitely

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2
Q

what is transient flora

A

flora acquired from environment that establish briefly, but then are excluded by competition from residents or host immune systems

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3
Q

what is a carrier state

A

organisms known to be potentially pathogenic transiently growing

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4
Q

what flora can be found in the throats of 5-40% of people

A

strepococcus pneumoniae and neisseria meningitidis

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5
Q

function of normal flora

A
  1. barrier to infection and colonization by pathogenic bacteria
  2. synthesize some vitamins we need
  3. stimulates immune system
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6
Q

how much bacteria does the body have?

A

1.2kg of bacteria on and in their body

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7
Q

what is antagonism

A

where normal flora prevents colonization of GI tract and respiratory tract by pathogens

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8
Q

how do normal flora prime the immune system?

A

primes to PAMP and raises basic level of tolerance to some common pathogens, so host responds to invading pathogens

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9
Q

what causes opportunistic infections

A
  1. injury - break in skin or mucosa
  2. physical destruction - peritonitis, burns
  3. immunosuppression
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10
Q

what causes normal flora to become pathogenic

A
  1. opportunistic infections
  2. ecological disruptions (aka overgrowth of bacteria – BV)
  3. conversion of non carcinogens to carcinogens (h pylori to GI and breast cancer)
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11
Q

where is normal flora found

A

skin, nails, eyes, oropharynx, genitalia, GI

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12
Q

is there flora in a fetus at birth?

A

no, is sterile, but acquired during and immediatly after birth

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13
Q

where do babies encounter their first flora

A
  1. normal flora from mothers genital tract and skin

2. respiratory tract of people present at birth

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14
Q

what influences what bacteria colonize where?

A

pH, redox potential, oxygen, water, nutrient level, resistance to local antibacterial substances

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15
Q

what flora live on the skin?

A
  1. staph aureus
    2 staph epidermidis
  2. propionibacerium acnes
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16
Q

what flora live in the mouth/throat?

A

strepococci, anaerobic bacteria, candidia albicans

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17
Q

what flora live in the large intestine?

A

coliforms like E coli (10^11 per gram)

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18
Q

what flora live in the female genital tract?

A

lactobacilli which lower pH by producing lactate

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19
Q

3 main regions of flora on skin

A
  1. axilla, perineum, toe webs
  2. hand, face, trunk
  3. upper arms, legs, scalp
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20
Q

why is skin unfavorable for most bacteria?

A
  1. too dry
  2. too acidic (5.5)
  3. rapid turnover of epithelial cells
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21
Q

most important factor limiting number and kinds of bacteria on skin

A

dryness of skin

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22
Q

what substance produced on skin inhibit gram negative flora?

A

unsaturated fatty acids produced by gram positive bacteria

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23
Q

how is the skin acidic

A

sweat glands excrete lysozyme which inhibits gram positive bugs by hydrolyzing NAG/NAM

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24
Q

what type of microbes live in axilla, perineum and toes?

A

gram negatives

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25
where do staphylococcus aureus live
1. nose 2. perineum 3. vulvar tissue
26
what is the major inhabitant of the skin
staphylococcus epidermidis
27
what flora is common on patients with atopic dermatitis?
staph aureus
28
what bacteria are commonly found in acne lesions
propionibacterium acnes
29
what are propionibacterium
gram positive
30
what are staphylococcus
gram positive
31
where are propionibacterium avidum found?
axilla
32
where do anaerobes live?
within ducts of hair follicles and sebaceous glands - what is why antiseptic tx or washing cannot remove them
33
does the stomach contain any resident organisms when healthy
little or few resident organisms except H pylori
34
flora in upper small intestine
scanty except in the lower ileum
35
flora in the duodenum
VOID of natural flora
36
flora in jejunum
streptococcus ssp, corynebacterium ssp, lactobacillus ssp.
37
what indicates abnormality in small intestine?
people with 10^5 - 10^7 bacteria/mL
38
what is associated with increased bacteria in small intestine?
achrlohydria malabsorption syndrome where lack of HCl in stomach
39
flora in ileum
lactobacillus ssp, streptococcus spp, enterobacteriaceae ssp, bacteroide ssp -- contains 10^5 - 10^8 bacteria/mL
40
what place carriers the most abundant and diverse microbiota in the body
colon
41
what flora in colon
mostly anaerobes, bacteroides, fusobacterium, eubacterium, clostridium and facultative organisms like E coli, enterococci and yeasts
42
what impacts species composition in the colon?
diet! increased meat means increased bacteroides and other anaerobic gram negative rods
43
top 6 species in the colon
1. bacteroids thetaiotaomicron 2. bacteroids vulgatus 3. fusobacterium prausnitzii 4. bifidobacterium adolescentis 5. eubacterium acrofaciens 6. peptostreptococcus productus (anaerobic)
44
what do the top 6 species in the colon produce
acetic, butyric and lactic acid which inhibit other bacteria
45
what is included in the top 20 speies in the colon?
bacteroides fragilis | clostridum ramosum
46
what is included in the lower 50 species in the colon
enterococcus faecalis | e coli
47
benefits of gut microbiota
1. maintains GI tract peristalsis and integrity 2. synthesizes vitamin K and B complex 3. convert dietary carcinogens and precarcinogens to noncarcinogens
48
what does the layer of bacteria in the gut secrete?
bacteroicins that inhibit other bacteria and prevent certain bacteria from colonizing, and protects basement epithelial cells from pathogenic bacteria by blocking adhesion
49
which organs are sterile in healthy humans?
kidneys, ureters, and urinary bladder
50
what indicates a contaminated urine sample?
10^4 bacteria
51
what does female normal flora depend on ?
age, pH and hormone levels
52
what bacteria predominate in adult women?
1. lactobacillus acidophilus 2. bacteroides ssp 3. clostridium ssp 4. peptostrepococcus
53
what bacteria predominate in young women (1 month old to puberty) and post menopausal women?
1. staphylococcus epidermidis 2. streptococcus ssp 3. e coli
54
why does flora change with age?
estrogen causes an increase in glycogen, so lack of estrogen makes glycogen stop being secreted, and causes a rise in pH
55
benefit of lactobacillus in women
maintains acidic environment and inhibits gram negative bacterial growth (bacterial antagonism)
56
what is grade I
only lactobacillus present
57
what is grade II
both lactobacillus and gardnerella or bacteroides present
58
what is grade III
bacterial vaginosis, lactobacillus are absent and only gardnerella, bacteroides-prevotella or mobiluncus cell types present
59
what is grade IV
gram positive cocci predominantly present
60
what upper respiratory organs are free of normal flora/
larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
61
URT normal flora:
1. staphylococcus epidermidis 2. corynebacterium ssp 3. lactobacillus ssp 4. p acnes
62
URT transient flora which are asymptomatic
1. strep pneumoniae 2. staph aureus 3. h influenzae 4. neisseria meningitidis
63
describe flora of external 1 cm of anterior nares
similar to skin, mostly staph aureus
64
describe flora of naspharynx
similar to mouth, also pneumococci, meningococci and haemophilus
65
flora of respiratory tract below larynx
only transiently inhaled organisms bc free of flora due to epithelial cilia and muco-ciliary blanket
66
normal flora in mouth
facultative and anaerobic bacteria
67
flora on buccal mucosa
streptococci
68
flora in oropharynx
streptococci and neisseria
69
flora in depths of gingival crevices around teeth?
strict anaerobes and microaerophilic organisms
70
describe oral flora in a newborn 1 day old baby
sterile
71
describe oral flora in 1 week old baby
strep salivarius, strep mitis, veillonella and other anaerobes
72
describe oral flora in infants with no teeth
streptococcus!!
73
describe oral flora in infants with teeth
obligate anaerobes aka fusobacterium and bacteroides and facultative anaerobes like strep mutans on teeth surfaces
74
when is normal oral flora present?
1 year old
75
what is the primary producer of dental caries?
streptococcus mutans
76
when can normal flora become pathogenic?
1. when misplaced 2. overgrown (immunocompromised) 3. enhanced virulence
77
what causes acute UTI
E coli
78
what causes peritonitis and intra abdominal abscesses?
gram positive and negative bacteria that is from perforation of the colon
79
which microorganism is found in gingival crevices at puberty
treponema sp
80
3 body locations where gram stain alone will not be diagnostic
1. nose 2. oropharynx 3. vagina because residence of normal flora which resemble pathogens

MFMII (29 decks)

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