Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MFMII > Inflammation II > Flashcards

Inflammation II Flashcards

1
Q

what cell type is mainly associated with acute inflammatory infiltrate?

A

neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what disease processes are associated with acute inflammatory infiltrate?

A
  1. infections like bacterial pneumonia or pyelonephritis 2. diseases associated with tissue necrosis 3. foreign bodies 4. immune mediated disease (ex IBD)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what disease processes are associated with tissue necrosis

A

MI from ischemia, acute appendicitis, trauma, physical or chemical injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what characteristics do all acute inflammatory reactions have?

A
  1. dilation of small blood vessels 2. stasis 3. vascular permeability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what does vascular permeability lead to?

A
  1. accumulation of leukocytes in extravascular tissues 2. accumulation of fluid in extravascular tissues and body cavities (edema)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is an effusion?

A

accumulation of fluid or purulent material in body cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is found in acute bacterial pneumonia?

A

congested septal capillaries and extensive neutrophil exudation into alveoli, early red hepatization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what happens with acute appendicitis

A

may occur with obstruction of lumen from fecalith or other cause. increased intraluminal pressure will impair venous outflow resulting in ischemia and stasis of luminal contents. bacterial proliferation will ensue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is transudate

A

filtrate of plasma caused by abnormal increase in hydrostatic pressure or decrease in plasma oncotic pressure that is NOT ASSOCIATED WITH INCREASE IN VASCULAR PERMEABILITY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are some causes of transudate?

A

congestive heart failure, liver failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the makeup of transudate?

A

low protein content specific gravity is less than 1.012 have very few ABC no cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is exudate?

A

results from increase in blood vessel permeability characteristic of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is pus?

A

exudate rich in neutrophils, debris of dead cells, microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the makeup of exudate?

A

contains cellular and chemical mediators critical to inflammation high protein content specific gravity is greater than 1.020 contains cellular debris

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are morphological patterns of acute inflammation?

A
  1. serous inflammation 2. fibrinous inflammation 3. suppurative or purulent inflammation 4. abscess 5. ulcers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is serous inflammation ?

A

outpouring of thin, clear or straw colored fluid derived from plasma or secreted by mesothelial cells lining a body cavity (minimal cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is serosanguinous

A

pink tinged serous fluid due to presence of small amt of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what are possible causes of serous inflammation?

A

burns, viral infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is fibrinous inflammation

A

larger molecules such as fibrinogen pass through the vascular barrier and fibrin is deposited in extracellular space, looks like white strings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is suppurative/purulent inflammation

A

characterized by production of large amounts of pus containing neutrophils, liquefactive necrotic cells, and exudate associated with certain types of pyogenic bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

why does tissue necrosis occur?

A

injurious stimulus causes inflammatory response which harms the tissue itself bc of enzymes and ROS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is empyema

A

purulent exudate in pleural cavity that is usually associated with bacterial pneumonia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are abscesses?

A

localized collections of purulent and necrotic material

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

how do abscesses form?

A

neutrophils within pus secrete enzymes that digest and destroy involved tissues, and the resultant cavity is filled with pus and necrotic tissue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the center of the abscess filled with?

A

necrotic neutrophils, bacteria, tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what is on the periphery of abscess?

A

preserved neutrophils surround necrotic focus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what surrounds the abscess?

A

fibroblastic proliferation may form fibrous capsule, and abscess may be walled off and be replaced by connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

what is a possible outcome of abscesses?

A

collapse of the cavity followed by healing through scar formation. but if it cannot do this bc inflammatory response is inadequate or lack of Abx, microorganisms will break out of the abscess and disseminate via bloodstream (sepsis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

what is an ulcer

A

local defect of the surface of an organ (usually epithelial tissue) produced by sloughing of inflamed necrotic tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what are 3 outcomes of acute inflammation?

A
  1. resolution with regeneration 2. resolution with scarring 3. progression to chronic inflammation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what occurs in resolution with regeneration?

A

tissue returns to normal in both morphology and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

when can tissues resolve with regeneration?

A

when injury is short lived and there is lack of major tissue destruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

what occurs in resolution with scarring?

A

healing by connective tissue replacement (fibrosis, scarring)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

when can tissues resolve with scarring

A

when substantial tissue destruction has occurred and/or if injured tissue is incapable of regeneration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what occurs in progression to chronic inflammation

A

the inflammatory response cannot be resolves either because of persistence of injurious agent of interference with normal healing

36
Q

what are adhesions?

A

thin bands of collagenous connective tissue that restrict motion or cause retraction of internal organ to abnormal position

37
Q

how long does chronic inflammation last?

A

weeks, months or years

38
Q

how long does acute inflammation last?

A

48hours

39
Q

when can chronic inflammation arise?

A

following acute inflammation that does not resolve like when injurious agent persists with ongoing tissue damage OR without acute inflammation

40
Q

what are major causes of chronic inflammation?

A
  1. directly following bout of acute inflammation 2. persistent infections 3. infections with certain organisms 4. immune mediated inflammatory diseases 5. response to foreign material or toxins 6. response to malignant tumors
41
Q

what organisms are most likely to cause chronic inflammation?

A

mycobacteria and some atypical bacteria, viral, parasitic and fungal infections

42
Q

example of chronic inflammation caused by foreign material or toxins

A

coal miners lung, silicosis, atherosclerosis due to persistent hypercholesterolemia

43
Q

what cell types are associated with chronic inflammation?

A

mononuclear inflammatory cells like macrophages, lymphocytes and plasma cells – not neutrophils

44
Q

what causes tissue destruction in chronic inflammation

A

both mononuclear inflammatory cells as well as by persisting offending agent

45
Q

how does tissue heal in chronic inflammation

A

fibrosis (scar formation)

46
Q

what other inflammatory cells are seen in chronic inflammation

A
  1. eosinophils 2. mast cells
47
Q

describe inflammatory effects of mast cells

A

widely distribute in connective tissues and participate in acute (anaphylaxis) and chronic inflammation

48
Q

how do eosinophils cause damage

A

major basic protein is secreted and is toxic to parasites but also lyses epithelial cells contributing to tissue damage

49
Q

development of macrophage

A

monoblast–>monocyte–>macrophage

50
Q

describe the change of cell type from acute to chronic

A

when chronic inflammation is following acute inflammation, monocyte will be predominant type extravasating from blood vessels at about 48hours after onset of acute inflammatory process, replaces the neutrophil

51
Q

what cell type replaces neutrophil after acute inflammatory reaction?

A

monocyte

52
Q

what classically activates macrophages?

A

microbes and IFNgamma

53
Q

what alternatively activates macrophages?

A

IL-13 IL-4

54
Q

what is the function of classically activated macrophages? M1

A
  1. release ROS, NO and lysosomal enzymes for killing 2. release IL-1, IL-12, IL-23 and chemokines for inflammation
55
Q

what is the function of alternatively activated macrophages? M2

A

repair and anti-inflammatory 1. release GF and TGFbeta for tissue repair and fibrosis 2. release IL-10 and TGFbeta for anti-inflammatory effects

56
Q

functions of macrophages

A
  1. ingest microbes and dead tissue 2. initiate tissue repair 3. secrete inflammatory mediators 4. display antigens to T lymphocytes and respond to T cell signals between lymphocytes and macrophages
57
Q

what activates T and B lymphocytes ?

A

microbes and environmental Ags,

58
Q

what do lymphocytes do in chronic inflammation?

A

amplify and propagate chronic inflammation

59
Q

what do Th1 cells secrete?

A

IFN gamma, which activates macrophages via classical pathway

60
Q

what do Th2 cells secrete

A

IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, which activates eosinophils and macrophages via alternative pathway

61
Q

what do Th17 cells secrete?

A

IL-17 and other cytokines, indices secretions of chemokines that recruit neutrophils and monocytes

62
Q

what does chronic inflammation look like?

A

dense infiltrate, monocytes and plasma cells, macrophages, lymphocytes

63
Q

what is seen in viral pneumonia?

A

lymphocytes are seen in interstitium (also atypical bacteria like mycoplasma and chlamydia)

viral or atypical bacterial pneumonias have interstitial lymphocytic infiltrate.

interstitial pneumona – inflammatory infiltrate is primary lymphocytes and is in alveolar septa

64
Q

what is seen in bacterial pneumonia?

A

neutrophilic intraalveolar infiltrate

more pink

65
Q

what bacterial infections can cause acute bacterial pneumonia?

A

strep pneumo, staph aureus, h. influenzae, klebsiella pneumoniae

66
Q

what is granulomatous inflammation

A

distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation characterized by focal aggregates of modified macrophages called epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells, usually surrounded by rim of lymphocytes

67
Q

what cells are characteristic in granulomatous inflammation?

A

epithelioid cells and multinucleated giant cells

68
Q

what is a granuloma

A

focal aggregate of macrophages

69
Q

2 types of granulomas

A
  1. immune granuloma
  2. foreign body granuloma
70
Q

what 2 conditions do immune granulomas develop?

A
  1. macrophages phagocytose a substance they are unable to degrade
  2. indigestible substance is immunogeneic and induces T cell mediated response
71
Q

what substances are usually not degradable by macrophages?

A

microorganisms like mycobacterium tuberculosis or fungi like histoplasma capsulatum

72
Q

what does induction of T cell mediated response in an indigestible/immunogenic substance lead to?

A

transformation of macrophages into epithelioid cells

73
Q

what are the components of immune granulomas?

A
  1. epithelioid cells
  2. langhans type giant cells
  3. rim of lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts
74
Q

what are epithelioid cells?

A

macrophages that resemble epithelial cells

75
Q

what are langhans-type giant cells?

A

huge cells formed by the fusion of many epithelioid macrophages that have a voluminous cytoplasm with up to 50 macrophage nuclei within arranged around the periphery

76
Q

what is on the rim of immune granulomas?

A

lymphocytes, plasma cells, fibroblasts

77
Q

what is a classic feature of TB granulomas?

A

necrotic center (caseous necrosis)

78
Q

what type of hypersensitivity reaction gives rise to the development of granulomas>

A

type IV

illustrates the role of Th1 cytokines in granuolmas, Th2 cells in lesions.

79
Q

what causes foreign body granulomas?

A

substances are too large to be phagocytosed by a single macrophage

or

substances not capable of eliciting a T cells mediated immune response

so multiple macrophages and giant cells surround the foreign body

80
Q

examples of foreign bodies capable of causing foreign body granulomas?`

A

talc, asbestos, silica, surgical sutures

81
Q

what cells surround the foreign body in FB granuomas?

A

multiple macrophages and giant cells

82
Q

what do giant cells look like in a foreign body granuloma?

A

nuclei are arranged haphazardly througout the cytoplasm

(vs peripheral arrangement of langhans type giant cells)

83
Q

what do giant cells look like in immune granuolmas?

A

nuclei are arranged at the periphery like a “C”

84
Q

what do foreign body granulomas look like?

A
  1. giant cells have nuclei arranged haphazardly in cytoplasm
  2. may or may not have surrounding rim of other inflammatory cells
  3. can usually see foreign body in the center
85
Q
A

MFMII (29 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions