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MFMII > Bacterial Genetics > Flashcards

Bacterial Genetics Flashcards

1
Q

type of DNA prokaryotes have

A

haploid (singular circular DNA)

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2
Q

type of DNA eukaryotes have

A

diploid (chromosomes)

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3
Q

what is an exception for the central dogma

A

retroviruses contain RNA as their genetic material but make DNA from RNA template by using reverse transcriptase

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4
Q

describe the 4 phases of microbial growth

A
  1. lag phase where gene expression is happening
  2. logarithmic phase/exponential growth
  3. stationary phase where nutrients are depleting
  4. decline phase where toxic materials accumulate and cells die
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5
Q

what enzymes are needed for DNA replication in prokaryotes

A
  1. dnaA/B proteins
  2. helicase
  3. SS binding proteins
  4. primase
  5. DNA polymerase
  6. ligase
  7. topoisomerase/gyrase
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6
Q

what does dnaA/B do

A

binds to origin sequence and initiates replication

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7
Q

what does helicase do

A

separates dsDNA by making ss cuts uses ATP

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8
Q

what do SS binding proteins do

A

single stranded bidning protein keeps bases unpaired during replication

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9
Q

what does primase do

A

synthesizes short RNA primers

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10
Q

how many dna polymerases do prokaryotes havw

A

3

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11
Q

what does ligase do

A

fills single nucleotide gaps and joins DNA frag together

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12
Q

what does topoisomerase do

A

removes supercoils from DNA

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13
Q

describe the prokaryotic RNA polymerase holoenzyme

A

contains 4 subunits with a 5th subunit called sigma factor

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14
Q

what does sigma factor do

A

recognizes the promoter and helps polymerase bind to DNA

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15
Q

what does polymerase I do

A

transcribes rRNA genes

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16
Q

where is polymerase I prominent

A

nucleoli

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17
Q

what does polymerase II do

A

transcribes mRNA

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18
Q

where is polymerase II prominent

A

nucleoplasm

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19
Q

what does polymerase III do

A

transcribes tRNAs and other snRNA

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20
Q

how do prokaryotes initiate transcription

A

core enzyme and sigma factor bind to promoter

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21
Q

what is unique about the transcription process of prokaryotes?

A

they are polycistronic where the mRNA codes for multiple proteins

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22
Q

what are the stop codons

A
  1. UAA
  2. UGA
  3. UAG
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23
Q

what are the start codons?

A

AUG

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24
Q

moa of aminoglycosides and tetracyclines

A

block 30s function

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25
Q

moa of chloamphenicol and macrolides

A

block 50s function

26
Q

what is diauxic shift

A

when both energy sources are on a growth plate, so there is a growth curve for both substances

27
Q

how can bacterial cells use lactose as energy source?

A

lac operon needs to be expressed as 3 new proteins

28
Q

what genes does lac operon have on it

A

lacZ, lacY, lacA

29
Q

what controls lac operon transcription

A

lacI

30
Q

what does lacI encode

A

lac repressor negatively regulates expression of lac operon genes

31
Q

what occurs when lac operon encounters lactose?

A

lactose inactivates lacI repressor so RNA polymerase can bind and activate transcription of the lac operon

32
Q

what occurs when there is low glucose ?

A

when glucose low, cAMP is produced. cAMP binds CAP, which then binds DNA. CAP complex helps RNA polymerase bind to promoter = high levels of transcription

33
Q

what occurs when glucose is high?

A

no cAMP is made, so CAP cannot bind DNA = low transcription

34
Q

what is transcriptional attenuation

A

premature termination under certain circumstances

35
Q

how do bacteria acquire DNA from other bacteria?

A
  1. transformation
  2. transduction
  3. conjugation
36
Q

how do bacteria acquire diversity and virulence?

A

mutation, recombination, transposition, natural selection,, transduction, conjugation, transformation

37
Q

what is transformation

A

uptake of naked DNA

38
Q

how does transformation happen

A
  1. dsDNA binds to cell
  2. ss DNA moves through cell membrane and into cytoplasm
  3. new DNA is either kept as plasmid or recombines into host cell DNA
39
Q

what does transformation require

A

bacterial competence (state induced in cell allowing it to uptake DNA)

40
Q

how is a cell made competent?

A
  1. naturally

2. in the lab

41
Q

why are plasmids important

A

they are carriers of Abx resistance, toxin genes, virulence factors, and antimicrobial agents

42
Q

what is conjugation?

A

direct transfer of genetic material between cells via pili

43
Q

what cells are donors

A

F+ (encodes conjugal transfer apparatus)

44
Q

what cells are recipient

A

F-

45
Q

what encodes for things necessary for conjugation?

A

F plasmid has pili and transfer genes

46
Q

what is the Hfr trait

A

high frequency recombination where to plasmid may integrate into the chromosomes

47
Q

what is transduction

A

transfer of bacterial genes by bacteriophage

48
Q

what is a bacteriophage

A

obligate intracellular parasites in bacteria

49
Q

what is a bacteriophage like extracellularly

A

they are metabolically inert

50
Q

what is a M13 bacteriophage

A

filamentous or helical

51
Q

what is a omegaX174 bacteriophage

A

polyhedral or icosahedral

52
Q

what is a T4 macrophage

A

polyhedral plus appendage like tails and spikes

53
Q

describe generalized transduction

A

any part of the bacterial chromosome can be transduced

54
Q

what is specialized transduction

A

only certain special pieces of bacterial chromosome can be transduced

55
Q

what is phage conversion

A

when phage carries genes that confer pathogenicity to the bacteria they infect

56
Q

what bacteria have phage conversion

A
  1. corynebacterium diptheriae
  2. strep pyogenes
  3. clostidium botulinum
  4. salmonella
57
Q

what is a transposon

A

genetic units capable of mediating their own transfer from one location to another

58
Q

what is transposition

A

movement of transposable elements from one location to another on the same chromosome, from one chromosome to another, or between chromosome and plasmid

59
Q

what are transposases

A

site specific recombination enzymes

60
Q

what is transposition related to

A

multiple drug resistance

MFMII (29 decks)

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