Normal Flora

Question 1

What is normal flora

Answer 1

it is used to describe the various bacteria and fungi that are permanent resident of certain body sites likes skin, oropharynx, colon and vagina.

Question 2

What are the two microorganism not considered in the normal flora?

Answer 2

Viruses and parasites.

Question 3

What are the microorganism that the host has

Answer 3

commensal

Question 4

What are microorganism of the normal flora not considered

Answer 4

carriers and colonization

Question 5

What are the roles of the normal flora

Answer 5

they can cause disease in compromised and debilitated individuals. They can do this through being pathogenic in other parts of the body.

They are a protective force in the host. They do this through colonization resistance where they limit the growth of pathogens.

they serve a nutritional function.

Question 6

What are Virulence Determinants

Answer 6

properties that enable the micro organism to establish within a host and enhance it potential to cause disease. Both opportunistic and primary pathogens posses them. it is a quantitative measure of pathogeneitcity and is measure by the number of organisms requried to cause disease.

Question 7

What are the factors that go into pathogenicitiy

Answer 7

Transmissibility- or communicability from one host or reservoir to a fresh host

Infectivity or the ability to breach the new host’s defenses

Virulence or the capacity of pathogen to harm the host. happens with the overpowering of the organism to the host.

Question 8

What is colonization

Answer 8

normal flora that engage in mutual or commensal association indigenous flora. it tends to happen as an individual colony

Question 9

What are the types of bacterial pathogens

Answer 9

Opportunistic and primary

Question 10

What is opportunistic pathogens

Answer 10

pathogens that rarely cause disease in individuals with intact immunological and anatomical defenses. when the defenses are impaired, it causes diseases. ex. of opportunitistic: Staphylococci and E.coli An opportunistic infection is an infection caused by bacterial, viral, fungal, or protozoan pathogens that take advantage of a host with a weakened immune system or an altered microbiota (such as a disrupted gu

Question 11

What is the primary pathogens

Answer 11

capable of establish infection and causing disease in previously healthy individual. cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence (the severity of the disease they cause) is, in part, a necessary consequence of their need to reproduce and spread

Question 12

What are the factors that cause disease

Answer 12

Virulence factors
Exoenzymes
Toxigenicity
Antiphagocytic factors

Question 13

What is pathogenicity

Answer 13

the capacity to initiate disease

Question 14

What is the first defense for the host

Answer 14

it comes from phagocytes

Question 15

What is antiphagocytic

Answer 15

factors that stop bacteria from going through capsule

Question 16

What doe the species Staphylococcus and Streptococcus produce

Answer 16

leukocidins which is toxic to WBC

Question 17

What are the course of infection the the body

Answer 17

Skin 
GI
Respiratory tract 
Urogential tract 
transplacental

Question 18

What are exogenous agents

Answer 18

sources that are from outside the body

Question 19

endogenous agents

Answer 19

already exist on or in the body

Question 20

What is another route that transmission can happen with respiratory and sexual pathogens

Answer 20

person to person contact

Question 21

Who is the only natural host for pathogens

Answer 21

man

Question 22

in establishing an infection what is the first stage for bacteria

Answer 22

colonization

Question 23

What is colonization

Answer 23

which is the establishment of a stable population of bacteria in the host, normally requires adhesion to the mucosal cell surface

Question 24

Why is adhesion important for pathogens

Answer 24

its necessary to avoid innate host defense mechanisms such as peristalsis in the gut, flushing action of mucus, saliva and urine which remove non-adherent bacteria.

Question 25

What are the ways to establish adhesion

Answer 25

Fimbira - type 1, non fimbrial

Question 26

What are some of the host defenses

Answer 26

humoral and cell-mediated immune response. they are designed to eradicate the organs from the site of the infection.

Question 27

What are some of the humoral factors?

Answer 27

lysozyme and the iron chelators, transferrin and lactoferrin.

Question 28

What is the normal flora of the skin?

Answer 28

staphylococcus epidermis ( coagulate negative staphylococci along with corynebacteria are common. Propionibacterium acne is found in sebaceous follicles.