Microbiology lecture 1 Flashcards
What is the microbiology
it is the study of microscopic forms of life. like bacteria fungi, protozoa.
What is medical microbiology
It is the study of pathogenic microorganisms and infections caused by them
What is immunology
immunology is concerned with the structure and function of the immune system, innate and acquired immunity, the recognition by body of self and non-self and lab techniques involving diagnosis of disease by reaction of antigens with specific antibodies.
What are adjuvants
is a pharmacological and/or immunological agent that modifies the effect of other agents. Adjuvants may be added to vaccine to modify the immune response by boosting it such as to give a higher amount of antibodies and a longer-lasting protection, thus minimizing the amount of injected foreign material. Adjuvants may also be used to enhance the efficacy of vaccine by helping to subvert the immune response to particular cells type of immune system, for example by activating the T cells instead of antibody-secreting B cells depending on the type of the vaccine. Adjuvants are also used in the production of antibodies from immunized animals.
What is immunity
body defense against a particular disease causing microorganism or virus
What is phagocytosis
is the process by which a cell—often a phagocyte or a protist—engulfs a solid particle to form an internal vesicle known as a phagosome.
What does phagocytosis help with
removing pathogens and cell debris
What is pathogenesis
the pathogenesis of a disease is the biological mechanism (or mechanisms) that lead to the diseased state. The term can also describe the origin and development of the disease, and whether it is acute, chronic, or recurrent. The word comes from the Greek pathos (“disease”) and genesis (“creation”).
What is attenuation
- pathogenecity of the organism and or decreasing immunogenicity. is a general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal. Attenuation occurs with any type of signal, whether digital or analog. Sometimes called loss, attenuation is a natural consequence of signal transmission over long distances.
What is a vaccine
preparation of living or dead microbes, viruses or their components used to immune a person against of a particular disease. early development in China and Turkey and Edward jenner developed the vaccine for smallpox. the last episode of smallpox was 1979.
Who is Louis Pasteur
was a French chemist and microbiologist renowned for his discoveries of the principles of vaccination, microbial fermentation and pasteurization. He is remembered for his remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and preventions of diseases, and his discoveries have saved countless lives ever since. He reduced mortality from puerperal fever, and created the first vaccines for rabies and anthrax. His medical discoveries provided direct support for the germ theory of disease and its application in clinical medicine. He is best known to the general public for his invention of the technique of treating milk and wine to stop bacterial contamination, a process now called pasteurization
Wh is Robert Koch
formulated postulates of etiology of disease based on his work on anthrax in sheep. Introduced staining of bacteria. , Koch created and improved laboratory technologies and techniques in the field of microbiology, and made key discoveries in public health His research led to the creation of Koch’s postulates, a series of four generalized principles linking specific microorganisms to specific diseases that remain today the “gold standard” in medical microbiology.[5] As a result of his groundbreaking research on tuberculosis, Koch received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1905.[5]
What are the 4 criteria of the Robert Koch theory?
the microorganism or the other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy susceptible laboratory animal
pathogen must be resulted from the new host and show to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen.
What are the shape of bacteria
cocci, bacilli and spirochetes
What are the arrangements of bacteria
pairs, chains and clusters
