Normal Development

Question 1

3 key factors influencing normal development

Answer 1

genetic
nutrition
environment

Question 2

what factor determines the extent to which genetic potential is realised

Answer 2

environment

Question 3

what are developmental milestones

Answer 3

key stages when new skills are developed

Question 4

what is the median age for milestones

Answer 4

the age at which 50% of children will have acquired the skill

Question 5

what is the limit age for milestones

Answer 5

the age at which the skill should have been acquired by 97.5% of children

Question 6

what is the median age for walking

Answer 6

12 months

Question 7

what is the limit age for walking

Answer 7

18 months

Question 8

when can most children crawl

Answer 8

10 months

Question 9

what are alternatives to crawling that 7% of children do

Answer 9

bum shuffle, roll, torpedo shuffling ect.

Often means it takes them a bit longer to walk

Question 10

what needs to be mature in order for development to progress

Answer 10

nervous system

Question 11

the sequence at which one skill develops after another is the same in all children, but what is different

Answer 11

the rate at which they achieve them

Question 12

where does motor development proceed first

Answer 12

starts in the head, then down to the trunk, then to the arms and legs (head- tail and also centrally)

this is called cephalocaudal direction

Question 13

what causes generalised mass activity to progress to specific controlled movements

Answer 13

the movements which are effective are repeated, strengthening the synapses

movements which are less effective aren’t repeated and their synapses die off

Question 14

what are the 4 main areas of development

Answer 14

Gross motor
Fine motor and vision
Language and hearing
Social behaviour and play

Question 15

what are the ‘primitive reflexes’ for and give some examples

Answer 15

reflexes that go back to when we were primates, some are lost in development for example:

moro reflex- reaching arms out and grasping with hear back
ATNR
sucking and rooting - sucking on mothers nipple for milk
Palmar and plantar grasp
stepping and placing

Question 16

what is ATNR (asymmetric tonic neck reflex)

Answer 16

there to protect babies from rolling off of surfaces before they can move

every time head goes to the side arm goes out

lost when you move to conscious movement - lost around 3-4 months

Question 17

what are parachute reflexes

Answer 17

protect the baby from falling
there through life and still have them

eg. putting hands out when starting to fall

Question 18

what are some fine motor and vision mile stones

Answer 18

hand regard in midline - 3 months 
grasps toy- 6 months 
pincer grip - 12 months 
tower of 3-4 bricks - 18 months 
tower of 6-7/scribble - 36 months 
draws simple man - 48 months

Question 19

what are some hearing and language milestones

Answer 19

vocalises - 3 months
babbles -6 months
imitates sounds- 9 months
knows name - 12 months
2 body parts/5-20 words - 18 months
simple instructions/50+ words - 24 months
complex instructions/asks questions- 36 months
can tell stories of experiences - 48 months

Question 20

social behaviour and play milestones

Answer 20

social smile - 6 weeks
pleasure on friendly handling - 3 months
plays with feet/friendly with strangers - 6 months
plays peek a boo/stranger awareness - 9 months
drinks from cup/waves bye - 12 months
feeds with spoon - 18 months
symbolic play/puts on some clothes - 2 years
present interactive play/toilet trained - 3 years
understands turn taking/dresses fully - 4 years

Question 21

why is social smile so important

Answer 21

8 weeks is the limit age and could be an early sign of autism/visual impairment