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2 Child Health > CNS Development > Flashcards

CNS Development Flashcards

1
Q

when does brain development begin

A

3rd week post conception - continues into adolescence and beyond

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2
Q

what to genes determine when it comes to brain development

A
  • correct sequence and evolution of the brain (conception - neuronal proliferation -neuronal migration - reorganisation)
  • development of dendritic and axonal interconnections
  • development of synapses, receptors and neurotransmitters
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3
Q

what parts of the intrauterine environment can effect brain development

A
  • maternal health and disease
  • Insults which may be continuous throughout pregnancy (alcohol, infection)
  • placental function and fetal nutrition
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4
Q

What parts of the extrauterine environment can effect brain function

A

physical factors eg. nutrition, environmental toxins

emotional and social factors eg. neglect and lack of stimulation

exposure to drugs, alcohol and other related substances

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5
Q

how long is the embryonic period

A

8 weeks (conception - 8 weeks)

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6
Q

what is inside the uterus in the embryonic phase

A

a 2 layered embryo made up of the epiblast and hypoblast

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7
Q

where do cells migrate through in the embryo

A

the primitive streak

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8
Q

what happens during gastrulation

A

development of 3 layers

ectoderm - hair, skin, nails
mesoderm - muscles, bone, cartilage
endoderm - gut and respiratory system

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9
Q

What is the first well defined structure to form and when

A

the neural tube - forms around 20-27 days

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10
Q

what leads to neural tube formation

A

neural progenitor cells from the neural place form a grove, which then forms a tube, which then goes on to form the neural crest

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11
Q

what is the ventricular zone

A

the outside of the neural tube - lined with neural progenitors

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12
Q

what does the hollow structure inside the neural tube become

A

the Ventricular system

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13
Q

what does the central channel of the neural tube become

A

the spinal cord

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14
Q

what are the primary brain vesicles and when do they occur

A

occur at 3/4 weeks

prosencephalon (forebrain)
mesencephalon (midbrain)
Rhombencephalon (hindbrain)

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15
Q

what are the secondary brain vesicles and when do they occur

A

occur at 5 weeks

Tencephalon 
Diencephalon 
Mesencephalon 
Metencephalon 
Myelencephalon
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16
Q

what is neural patterning in the embryo

A

complex and continuous refinement of neural pattern development

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17
Q

what is the neocortex

A

part of the brain concerned with vision and hearing

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18
Q

what does high EMX2 and low PAX6 lead to in the neocortex

A

neural progenitor cells differentiated into visual cortex neutrons

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19
Q

what does low EMX2 and high PAX6 lead to in the neocortex

A

neural progenitor cells differentiate into motor neurons

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20
Q

when is the fetal period

A

week 9/10 till birth

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21
Q

what does the brain look like before it folds into a sulcal gyral pattern

A

smooth

22
Q

when do the primary sulci develop

A

8-26 weeks

23
Q

when do secondary sulci develop

A

30-35 weeks

24
Q

when do tertiary sulci develop

A

week 36 onwards into post natal and early infancy

25
Q

how to neural progenitor cells in the ventricular zones divide to begin with

A

symmetrically - division produces 2 progenitor cells

26
Q

how do neural progenitor cells in the ventricular zone divide later

A

asymmetrically eg. cell division produces one progenitor cell and one neuron

27
Q

where do the neurons produces in the ventricular zones migrate to

A

the developing neocortex

28
Q

3 methods of neural migration

A

Somal translocation
radial glial guides
tangential migration and signalling pathways

29
Q

what happens to neurons once they reach their target cortical region

A

they form axons and dendrites so they can communicate with each other

30
Q

what’s the function of axons

A

transmit signals from neurons

develop synapses when connected to other neurons
long bit

31
Q

What’s the function of dendrites

A

gather information and transmit it to the neuron

multiple dendrites form around the neuron
star bit lol

32
Q

where do neurons in the ventricular zones migrate to in postnatal brain development

A

olfactory bulb

dentate gyrus of the hippocampus

33
Q

what is mylelination

A

when oligodendrocyte progenitor cells develop processes which wrap around axons forming a myelin sheath

34
Q

what are the functions of the myelin sheath

A

greatly increased axonal conduction
maintains axonal integrity and survival
maintains neuronal size and axonal diameter

35
Q

at what age does most myelination occur

A

first 2 years

36
Q

why is postnatal experiences needed for brain development

A

to allow for mature organisation - learning from experiences leads to synaptic pruning

37
Q

what developmental tasks are adolescents aiming to achieve

A
  • establishing nurturing and intimate relationships
  • developing identity
  • future perspectives
  • independence
  • self confidence
  • self control
  • social skills
38
Q

what happens to the brain in adolescence

A

many synapses are eliminated
theres an increase in white matter volume
changes in neurotransmitter systems

39
Q

what are grey and white matter

A

grey matter - contains cell bodies/where the synapses are

white matter - axons connecting different parts of grey matter together

40
Q

how do hormones affect the teenage brain

A

rise of steroid hormones in puberty affects the brain as it is full of steroid receptors. This causes restructuring and permanent reorganising

41
Q

what happens when there is monocular visual deprivation in early post natal life

A

one eye is blocked so the other eye takes over the visual cortex area usually occupied by the blocked eye

42
Q

what is anencephaly

A

absence of a major portion of the brain, skull and scalp due to a neural tube defect

43
Q

what is spina bifida

A

gap in the spine due to baby’s spinal cord not developing

44
Q

what is holoprosencephaly

A

failure of development of the procephalon (embryological forebrain) to sufficiently divide into the double lobes of the cerebral hemisphere

45
Q

what is hypomyelination

A

inherited condition causing abnormally low amounts of myelination

46
Q

what is dysmyelination

A

malformed and defective myelin sheath

47
Q

what is demyelination

A

destruction of myelin that surrounds axon - example is MS

48
Q

what does the PLP1 gene encode for

A

a transmembrane proteolipid protein which is a prominent myelin protein (located on X chromosome)

49
Q

what is Pelixaeus-Merzbacher disease

A

mutation in PLP1 gene causing shortened life span.

Presents in infancy with hypotonia and cognitive impairment

50
Q

What is spastic paraparesis 2

A

a less severe mutation of the PLP1 gene which manifests as spastic paraperisis with or without CNS involvement

51
Q

how does malnutrition affect brain development

A

impacts brain growth and volume
impacts myelination
lack of energy due to malnutrition can lead to a lack of postnatal experiences

2 Child Health (13 decks)

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