Normal Blood Cell Maturation White Blood Cells

Question 1

Define leukopoiesis

Answer 1

Production and proliferation of WBCs with the exception of lymphocytes in bone marrow, lymph nodes, and thymus (BLT)

Question 2

Define lymphopoiesis

Answer 2

Production of lymphocytes

Question 3

Name the 5 types of WBCs from greatest to least

Answer 3

• Neutrophils (Segs) 50-70%
• Lymphocytes (Lymphs) 18-42%
• Monocytes (Monos) 2-11%
• Eosinophils (Eos) 1-3%
• Basophils (Basos) 0-2%

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Question 4

What are the two basic categories of WBC?

Answer 4

1. Granulocytes - Segs, Eos, Basos, and Monos (develop in bone marrow only)
2. Lymphocytes / Mononuclears - Lymphocytes & Natural Killer (NK) cells (develop in bone marrow and lymphoid tissue)

Question 5

True or false, Mononuclears have granules(very fine granules) therefore they are considered granulocytes.

Answer 5

False, even though mononuclears can have fine granules they are still not considered granules because of granule size.
Slide 7 of Normal blood cell maturation

Question 6

What are the general functions of WBCs?

Answer 6

1. Ab production by immunocytes (lymphocytes)
2. Cytokine production by lymphocytes (known as lymphokines)
3. Inflammatory mediator production by segs & monos
4. Phagocytosis

Question 7

What is the pattern of growth for maturing cells?

Answer 7

1. Cell size decreases
2. Nuclear chromatin pattern become denser
3. Nucleoli disappear
4. Amount and color of cytoplasm changes
5. Size of nucleus decreases greater than the size of cell (N:C ratio)

Question 8

Describe cytoplasmic maturation in a growing cell.

Answer 8

• Deep blue color (pale) - high RNA content
  -Granules may appear
  -Amount of cytoplasm increases

Question 9

Describe Nuclear Maturation in a growing cell

Answer 9

-Nucleus decreases in size (exits entirely in RBCs)
-Chromatin becomes more condensed or clumped
-Color changes from reddish to bluish purple
-Nucleoli may decrease in # or become absent

Question 10

What does erythron mean?

Answer 10

Collection of all stages of erythrocytes throughout the body

Question 11

What term is used to describe the total of all cells in circulation

Answer 11

RBC mass

Question 12

What is the primary role of RBCs?

Answer 12

Carry oxygen and die 120 days later.

Question 13

What term is used to describe diminished availability of oxygen to body tissues?

Answer 13

Hypoxia. It occurs when oxygen tension in the cells is decreased.

Question 14

Where is Erythropoietin (EPO) produced?

Answer 14

Kidneys

Question 15

When is ertyhropoietin produced?

Answer 15

If there is a decreasing degree of blood oxygenation. It is released to maintain normal RBC

Question 16

What are the effects of erythropoietin?

Answer 16

Initiates cascade of events to increase RBC in circulation
Allow early release of reticulocytes
Increase number of mature erythrocytes
Reduce marrow transit time

Question 17

What are the six stages of RBC maturation?

Answer 17

Pronormoblast,
Basophilic normoblast,
Polychromatic normoblast
Orthochromic normoblast
Reticulocyte
Erythrocyte (Mature RBC)

Question 18

Pronormonblast cell size, describe nucleus, and cytoplasm

Answer 18

Cell size: 12 - 20 um
Nucleus: Nucleoli & fine chromatin with a round to slightly oval shape. N:C ratio is 8 to 1
Cytoplasm: Very basophilic - high RNA content + organelles

Question 19

What are alternative names for pronormoblast?

Answer 19

Rubriblast, Proerythroblast, or “blast”

Note: It is the first recognizable erythropoietin precursor cell

Question 20

Describe the basophilic normoblast’s cell size, nucleus, and cytoplasm

Answer 20

Cell size: 10 - 15 um
Nucleus: Round, coarser chromatin, no visible nucleoli
Cytoplasm: Temporarily more basophilic (royal blue); Golgi apparatus may be visible as light area near nucleus.
Note: N:C ratio decreasing, 6:1

Question 21

What are alternative names for basophilic normoblast?

Answer 21

Prorubricyte, or basophilic erythroblast

Question 22

Describe Polychromatic normoblast cell size, nucleus, and cytoplasm

Answer 22

Cell size: 10 - 12 um
Nucleus: Round, sometimes eccentric, smaller, with coarser chromatin
Cytoplasm: Opaque, violet - blue or grayish color (due to Hgb synthesis) polychromasia
Note: N:C ratio 4:1 ; Last stage capable of mitosis

Question 23

What are other names of polychromatic normoblast?

Answer 23

Rubricyte, or polychromatic erythroblast
note: Last stage capable of mitosis

Question 24

Describe orthochromic normoblast’s cell size, nucleus, and cytoplasm

Answer 24

Cell size: 8-10 um
Nucleus: Pyknotic (degenerated nuclear chromatin) extruded eventually
Cytoplasm: polychromasia
Note: WBC count must be corrected if 5 or more of nRBC are present on 100 cell WBC diff.

Question 25

Alternative names for orthochromic normoblast

Answer 25

Metarubricyte, or orthochromic erythroblast

Question 26

Describe reticulocyte’s cell size, nucleus, and cytoplasm

Answer 26

Cell size: 7-9 um
Nucleus: None present
Cytoplasm: Varying degree of polychromasia. If there is a bluish tinge it is a sign of basophilic stippling

Question 27

What are the normal ranges of reticulocytes? Adults, children, and newborns

Answer 27

Adults: 0.5 - 2.0%
Children: 1.0 - 3.0%
newborns: 2.0-6.0%

Question 28

Erythrocyte cell size, nucleus, and cytoplasm description?

Answer 28

Cell size: 7-8um
Nucleus: none present
Cytoplasm: Central pallor, no protein or Hgb made, no mitochondria present

Question 29

Life span & distance an RBC travels?

Answer 29

Life span: 120. Days
Distance: 300 miles

Question 30

What is CFU-S and what receptors. Does it have?

Answer 30

• Receptor: CD 34
• undergoes stimulation, mitosis, and maturation in. A stem. Cell (CFU-GEMM) that’s specific for myeloid cells.
  Note: Cluster of differentiation = CD