Exam Practicum B Review

Question 1

Lymphocyte function?

Answer 1

Production of antibodies (B cells), cell-mediated immunity (T-cells)

Question 2

Basophil function?

Answer 2

Allergic and hypersensitivity reactions that release histamine and other mediators during allergic responses and help modulate immune response.

Question 3

Eosinophil functions

Answer 3

Release cytotoxic granules to kill parasites and are associated with inflammatory response in allergic reactions, such as asthma.

Question 4

Neutrophil functions?

Answer 4

Most abundant WBC. First responder to sites of infections, inflammation. Phagocytose and destroy pathogens through release of antimicrobial granules and generate reactive oxygen species (ROS).

Question 5

Monocyte functions

Answer 5

Phagocytic cells involved in immune defense and tissue repair. Engulf and destroy pathogens, debris, and foreign substances.

Question 6

What is the formula for corrected WBC?

Answer 6

cWBC = WBC * (100 / (nRBC + 100) )

Question 7

Why must a CBC WBC count of 250k or 300k be confirmed?

Answer 7

High WBC count is indicative of either infection, inflammation, or malignancy

Question 8

What is the pathophysiology of CLL?

Answer 8

Malignancy of mature B-cells, characterized by accumulation of abnormal, monoclonal lymphs in the blood, bone marrow, and lymphoid tissues. Causes unknown, possibly due to genetic and environmental factors.

Question 9

What is the pathophysiology of myelofibrosis?

Answer 9

Chronic myeloproliferative neoplasm characterized by excessive production of fibrous connective tissue in the bone marrow. Associated with mutations in genes such as JAK2, CALR, or MPL.

Question 10

What is the infectious agent of infectious mononucleosis?

Answer 10

Epstein-barr virus (EBV) that target plasma cells

Question 11

What is the pathophysiology of ALL?

Answer 11

Malignancy of lymphoid progenitor cells, leading to uncontrolled proliferation of immature lymphoblasts.

Question 12

What is the pathophysiology of CML?

Answer 12

Three phases: chronic, accelerated, and blast, where blast represents end stage with an increased number of blast cells. Philadelphia chromosome, t(9;22), is present in more than 90% of patients and cause increased cell proliferation due to BCR/ABL combination.

Question 13

What is the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma?

Answer 13

Malignancy of plasma cells that accumulate in the bone marrow and lead to bone destruction, overproduction of monoclonal immunoglobulins, and impairment of normal blood cell production.

Question 14

What is the pathophysiology of multiple myeloma?

Answer 14

Overproduction of IgM monoclonal immunoglobulin from B-lymphocytes, can be mistaken for IgM MM which has a different therapeutic and prognostic perspective. IgM MM is rare (<0.5% patients). Lymphoplasmacytic (WM) vs pure plasmocytic (MM).

Question 15

What is the pathophysiology of leukmoid reaction?

Answer 15

Reactive condition from severe infections, inflammation, or other underlying conditions. Mimics leukemia but lacks genetic abnormalities.

Question 16

What is the pathophysiology of pelger-huet anomaly?

Answer 16

Rare inherited disorder characterized by abnormal nuclear segmentation in neutrophils. It is a benign condition that causes no significant health problems.

Question 17

What is the pathophysiology of AML?

Answer 17

Mutations of myeloid progenitor cells, resulting in uncontrolled proliferation of immature myeloid cells (myeloblasts). Can appear as de novo in a previously healthy person.

Question 18

What is the pathophysiology of May-Hegglin anomaly?

Answer 18

Inherited disorder characterized by a mutation in the MYH9 gene (chromosome 22q12-13). ~33% patients show variable hemorrhagic problems based on extent of thrombopenia.

Question 19

What is the pathophysiology of hairy cell leukemia?

Answer 19

Accumulation of “hairy” B lymphocytes. Progresses slowly or does not worsen at all. If patient dies after treatment, it is most likely due to infection.