normal anatomy and develoment

Question 1

when do mammary crests/ridges appear

Answer 1

during 4th week

Question 2

where do mammary crests extend between

Answer 2

extend from axillary region to inguinal region

Question 3

breast

Answer 3

2ry sexual feature of females
source of nutrition for the neonate
present in a rudimetary form in males

Question 4

general features of breast

Answer 4

modified and highly specialised sweat glands

size and shape result from genetic, racial and dietary factors

Question 5

vertical extent of breast

Answer 5

2/3rd rib to 6th rib

Question 6

transverse extent of breast

Answer 6

sternal edge to mid-axillary line

Question 7

axillary tail/process

Answer 7

small part of breast

may extend toward axillary fossa

Question 8

retromammary space (bursa)

Answer 8

helps some degree of movement

Question 9

what does breast rest on

Answer 9

2/3rds on pectoral fascia covering pectoralis major

1/3 on fascia covering serratus anterior

Question 10

how is breast attatched to dermis

Answer 10

by suspensory ligament of cooper

helps support the lobules of the gland

Question 11

nipple

Answer 11

prominence of the breast

Question 12

areola

Answer 12

pigmented area around nipple

Question 13

what does each breast contain

Answer 13

15-20 lobules of glandular tissue (parenchyma)

Question 14

what drains the lobules

Answer 14

lactiferous duct - opens independentaly on the nipple

Question 15

dilated portion of each lactiferous duct

Answer 15

lactiferous sinus

Question 16

nipple

Answer 16

collagenous dense connective tissue, elastic fibres and bands of smooth muscle

tips of nipples are fissured with lactiferous ducts opening into them

Question 17

position of nipple

Answer 17

variable

4th IC space

Question 18

areola

Answer 18

skin covering the nipple and areola contain numerous swear and sebaceous glands

oily material secreted by sebaceous glands provides protective lubricant for nipple + areola

Question 19

breast quadrants

Answer 19

superolateral
superomedial
inferolateral
inferomedial

Question 20

what quadrant of breast is axillary tail in

Answer 20

axillary tail in an extension of the breast tissue in the supero-lateral quadrant

Question 21

male breast

Answer 21

rudimentary throughout life

formed by small ducts without lobules or alveoli

Question 22

gynaecomastia

Answer 22

postnatal development of rudimentary lactiferous ducts in males

Question 23

polymastia

Answer 23

extra breast

Question 24

polythelia

Answer 24

extra nipple

Question 25

athelia or amastia

Answer 25

absence of nipple or breast

Question 26

blood supply to breast

Answer 26

branches of axillary artery, internal thoracic artery and some intercostal arteries thoraco-acromial artery lateral thoracic artery internal mammary artery

Question 27

nerve supply to breast

Answer 27

anterior and lateral cutaneous branches of 4-6th intercostal nerves sensory fibers and also sympathetic supply to blood vessels and smooth muscle around nipple

Question 28

breast lymphatic drainage

Answer 28

lateral quadrantals - axillary nodes medial quadrants - parasternal nodes or to opposite breast some lymph may drain directly to supraclavicular or inferior cervical nodes

Question 29

sentinel lymph node

Answer 29

first draining node

Question 30

breast soft tissue

Answer 30

made up of lobes which contain network of glandular tissue consisting of branching ducts and secretory lobules in connective tissue stroma

Question 31

terminal duct lobular unit

Answer 31

the functional milk secretory component of the breast

Question 32

connective tissue stroma surrounding the lobules vs intralobular tissue

Answer 32

The connective tissue stroma that surrounds the lobules is dense and fibrocollagenous, whereas intralobular tissue has a loose texture

Question 33

ducts and acini lined by 2 layes of cells

Answer 33

luminal epithelial cells | myoepithelial cells

Question 34

what surrounds the branching duct system

Answer 34

dense fibrous interlobular tissue and adipose tissue

Question 35

prepubertal breast

Answer 35

neonatal breast contains lactiferous ducts but no alveoli | until puberty little branching of duct occurs

Question 36

breast changes during puberty

Answer 36

branching of lactiferous ducts solid, spheroidal masses of granular polyhedral cells - alveoli accumulation of lipids in the apidocytes

Question 37

post menopausal breast changes

Answer 37

progressive atrophy of lobules and ducts | fatty replacement of glandular tissue

Question 38

breast during pregnancy

Answer 38

enlarged lobules acini are dilated epithelium vary from cuboidal to low columnar colostrum

Question 39

lactating breast

Answer 39

acini distended w milk thin septa between lobules milk production

Question 40

benign breast tumourrs

Answer 40

fibroadenomas duct papillomas adenomas connective tissue tumours

Question 41

paget's disease of nipple

Answer 41

erosion of nipple resembling eczema | assoc with ductal or invasive carcinoma