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Mircobiology > Nonspecific Immunity > Flashcards

Nonspecific Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What is a first line offense?

A

any barrier that blocks the invasion, limits access to the internal tissues of the body, not considered a true immune response because it does not involve recognition of foreign substances

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2
Q

What is a second line of defense?

A

internalized system of protective cells and fluids, acts rapidly at both the local and systemic levels once the 1st line of defense has been circumvented

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3
Q

What is a third line of defense?

A

Specific, recognizes, acquired as each foreign substance is encountered by lymphocytes

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4
Q

What is an example of a 1st line defense

A

physical barriers, chemical barriers, and genetic components

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5
Q

What is an example of a 2nd line defense?

A

Phagocytosis, inflammation, fever, antimicrobial proteins

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6
Q

What is an example of a 3rd line defense?

A

B and T cells and their effects

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7
Q

What do mucous membranes do?

A

mucous coat impedes entry and attachment of bacteria

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8
Q

How do mucous coats work in other parts of the body?

A

blinking and tear production flush the eye’s surface
constant flow of saliva carries microbes to the stomach
vomiting and defecation evacuate noxious substances from the body

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9
Q

Nonspecific chemical defenses

A

Sebaceous secretions exert an antimicrobial effect

Specialized glands of the eyelids lubricate the conjunctiva with an antimicrobial secretion

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10
Q

What is a lysozyme

A

an enzyme found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in the cell wall of bacteria

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11
Q

What leads to a loss of immunity or absence of normal immunity?

A

patients with severe burns are very susceptible to all kinds of infections
blockages in salivary glands, tear ducts, intestine, and urinary tract are at greater risk

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12
Q

Because the first line of defense is not enough, what else is required?

A

inflammation, phagocytosis, and specific immune responses

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13
Q

How does a healthy immune system work?

A

surveillance of the body
recognition of foreign material
destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

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14
Q

What are many autoimmune disorders the result of?

A

the immune system mistakenly attacking the body’s own tissues and organs

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15
Q

WBC do what as part of the 2nd and 3rd lines of defense?

A

Recognize between self and non-self (is central to the functioning of the immune system)

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16
Q

What are PAMPs?

A

Pathogen-associated molecular patterns: very generic, if it came in connect with a pathogen it doesn’t know its TB, but knows it has LPS (or something that doesn’t belong) like double stranded RNA

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17
Q

What is a pathogen-recognition receptor?

A

will bind and say it is foreign

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18
Q

What is serum used for?

A

essentially the same as plasma, except that it is the clear fluid from clotted blood; used in immune testing and therapy

19
Q

How do neutrophils work?

A

React early in the inflammatory response to bacteria and other foreign materials and to damaged tissue
Phagocytosis

20
Q

How do monocytes and macrophages work?

A

Monocytes are transformed into macrophages after they migrate out of the bloodstream and into the tissues
Process foreign substances and prepare them for reactions with B and T lymphocytes

21
Q

What are the events of phagocytosis?

A

Chemotaxis, Ingestion, Phagolysosome formation, Destruction, Excretion

22
Q

What is rubor?

A

redness caused by increased circulation and vasodilation in the injured tissue

23
Q

What is calor?

A

warmth caused by the heat given off by the increased flow of blood

24
Q

What is tumor?

A

swelling caused by fluid escaping into the tissues

25
Q

What is dolor?

A

pain caused by the stimulation of nerve endings

26
Q

Factors the elicit inflammation

A

trauma from infection
tissue injury or necrosis due to physical or chemical agents
specific immune reactions

27
Q

What does pyogenic mean and examples

A

Things that are good at forming pus

streptococci, staphylococci, gonococci, and meningococci

28
Q

What is a pyrogen?

A

substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting

29
Q

What are exogenous pyrogens?

A

products of infectious agents such as viruses, bacteria, protozoans, fungi, endotoxin, blood, blood products, vaccines, or injectable solutions

30
Q

The majority of fevers are endogenous, meaning?

A

liberated by monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages during phagocytosis such as interleukin-1 and tumor necrosis factor

31
Q

What do interferons do?

A

all three IFNs can inhibit the expression of cancer genes and have tumor suppressor effects

32
Q

What do IFN alpha and beta do?

A

stimulate phagocytes

33
Q

What do IFN gamma do?

A

is the immune regulator of macrophages and T and B cells

34
Q

Overall Stages in the Complement Cascade

A

initiation, Amplification and cascade, Polymerization, Membrane attack

35
Q

Initiation:

A

C1 components bind to an initiator bound to a foreign cell

36
Q

Amplification and cascade

A

C1 leads to C5 being cleaved and bound to the membrane

37
Q

Polymerization

A

C5 product becomes the site for the assembly of the membrane attack complex

38
Q

Membrane attack

A

C5 – C9 form the membrane attack complex that punctures pores in the cell membrane, leading to lysis

39
Q

Classical pathway

A

initiated either by the foreign cell membrane of a parasite or a surface antibody

40
Q

Alternative pathway

A

activated when components of the complement pathway recognize and bind to pathogen membranes
quicker response than the classical pathway

41
Q

Lectin pathway

A

mannose binding proteins (lectins) must bind to mannose residues on the surface of pathogens in order for the pathway to proceed

42
Q

Antimicrobial Proteins:

Iron-Binding Proteins

A

Humans and bacteria require iron for their enzymes
becomes a rate-limiting factor in bacterial growth
iron-binding proteins keep available iron bound so tightly that it cannot be used by bacteria

43
Q

Siderophores

A

proteins produced by bacteria capable of scavenging iron from iron-binding proteins
bind iron more tightly than human proteins

44
Q

Iron-binding Proteins

A

Hemoglobin: found in red blood cells

Transferrin: found in blood and tissue fluids

Lactoferrin: found in milk and saliva

Ferritin: found in every cell type

Mircobiology (6 decks)

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