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Mircobiology > Antibiotics > Flashcards

Antibiotics Flashcards

1
Q

What are the Mechanisms of Action

A

Inhibit/interfere with cell wall synthesis
Inhibit protein synthesis
Disrupt unique components of cytoplasmic membrane
Inhibit metabolic pathways
Inhibit nucleic acid synthesis

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2
Q

Why can we inhibit protein synthesis?

A

we have different ribosomes

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3
Q

B-Lactam Antibiotics

A

cephalosporin, monobactams, carbapenems
Inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
bactericidal

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4
Q

Bacteria can produce b-lactamase, makes antibody resistant. What is the B-lactamase inhibitor that can overcome this resistance?

A

clavulanic acid

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5
Q

Glycopeptide Antibiotics

A

bactericidal
Vancomycin,
Prevents addition of new subunits of PD (peptidoglycan) to a growing cell wall

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6
Q

Linezolid

A

acts on initiation stage, Prevent formation of initiation complex

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7
Q

Tetracycline and Tigecycline

A

block the A site on the ribosome, preventing the binding of amino acids

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8
Q

Aminoglycosides

A

Interfere with proof reading

leads to increase rate of error in synthesis with premature termination

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9
Q

Chloramphenicol

A

Block peptide transfer step of elongation on 50S subunit in bacteria and mitochondria

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10
Q

Adverse affects of Chloramphenicol

A

Aplastic anemia, bone marrow suppression, leukemia, neurotoxicity

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11
Q

Benefit of Chloramphenicol

A

crosses blood brain barrier, if you get meningitis you need something that will cross

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12
Q

Macrolides, Clindamycin, and Amino Glycosides inhibit what?

A

ribosomal translocation

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13
Q

Daptomycin and Polymyxins

A

disrupt cell membrane

Polymixins: interact with phospholipids, poking holes in the cell MB

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14
Q

Inhibit Metabolic Pathways

A

Antifolates
Pyrimidine analogues
Purine analogues

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15
Q

Antifolates

A

we get them from our diet, we don’t make them

impair the function of folic acid leading to disruption in DNA/RNA production

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16
Q

Pyrimidine

A

disrupt their formation and DNA/RNA synthesis

17
Q

Purine

A

disrupts nucleic acid production

18
Q

Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Rifampin

A

Bind to RNA polymerase, gets the transcript, blocks this at DNA level, Block RNA synthesis

19
Q

Inhibit Nucleic Acid Synthesis: Quinolones

A

inhibit DNA Synthesis,
Nalidixic acid
Ciprofloxacin

20
Q

Narrow spectrum drugs

A

limited, good for specific families of bacteria

can be gram negative OR positive

21
Q

Broad spectrum drug

A

kills everything, ex: amoxicillin
can be BOTH gram -/+
good for drug resistant bacteria that do not respond to each other

22
Q

Why have a broad spectrum?

A

If you don’t know what to kill, it kills everything (Bad and good)

23
Q

Efficacy: Diffusion susceptibility test (Kirby Test)

A

Susceptible- Antibiotic works

  • Resistant, doesn’t care that antibiotic is there, the bacteria will grow right up to the disk, does not work
  • Zone of Inhibition
24
Q

Minimum Inhibitory Concentration:

MIC

A

Minimum amount we need to inhibit the bacteria (minimum bactericidal)

  • Tubes
  • eTest
25
Q

MBC: Minimal bactericidal concentration

A

Topical (superficial infections)

  • Oral (lower drugs concentrations
  • IM (intramuscular)
  • Intravenous IV (highest conc) need to be shot straight into vessel
26
Q

Safety and Side-Effects of MIC and MBC

A

Toxicity
Polymixins & aminogylcocides : can be fatal on kidneys
Metronidazole- Black Hairy tongue
Tetracycline: complex w/ calcium and get incorporated into growing bone/teeth (white spots on teeth)
Allergies: .1% of Americans have anaphylaxis to penicillin

27
Q

What is bacterial transformation

A

Bacteria that happens to have a resistant gene. And this bacteria is dying, letting its parts out
Other bacteria is swimming around and incorporates the bad genes from the environment

28
Q

What is bacterial transduction

A

Has to do with a virus, phagocytic virus transfers resistance

29
Q

What is bacterial conjugation

A

Bacteria sex, is it has a pili and the other bacteria is capable to hooking up to the pili they can spread resistance gene (makes copy first)
Bacteria to bacteria

30
Q

What is horizontal gene transfer

A

transfer of genes with the same generation

Mircobiology (6 decks)

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