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RAD415 PT2 > non-trauma MSK pathology on imaging > Flashcards

non-trauma MSK pathology on imaging Flashcards

1
Q

what is ossification

A

bone formation

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2
Q

what areas of the bone undergo bone growth

A

epiphyseal plates

found :
- distal physis
- proximal physis
- apophyses

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3
Q

what is the apophyses of the bone

A

Apophyses are growth zones attached to the shaft (corpus) of larger bones

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4
Q

what age range do secondary ossification (of epiphyseal and apophyseal plates) occur

A

4 - 17

everything should be ossified by 17

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5
Q

at what age does the 3 parts of the pelvis combine to form the acetabulum / triradiate cartilage

A

14-16

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6
Q

at what age does the distal and Proximal femoral, tibial and fibular growth plates fuse

A

16 - 20

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7
Q

what age range do the growth plates on the shafts of meta carpals/tarsals and phalanges fuse

A

14-21

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8
Q

age range of growth plate fusion of the humerus, radius and ulna

A

14 -19

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9
Q

age range of growth plate fusion of medial border of scapula and iliac crest

A

20

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10
Q

what are accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones

A

accessory ossicles = well-corticated bony structures found close to bones or a joint.

sesamoid bones = a small bone commonly found embedded within a muscle or tendon near joint surfaces,

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11
Q

what is the commonly found ossicle in the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle (calves)

A

fabella

  • seen as small round bone behind lateral side of femur/knee on radiograph
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12
Q

what structure of the femur does the fabella articulate with

A
  • medial or lateral femoral condyle
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13
Q

what is the name of the common ossicle/accessory ossicle found posterior to the talus

A

os trigonum

(posterior process of talus is sometimes ossified from separate centre forming the os trigonometry)

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14
Q

what is an ununited apophysis

A

apophyses that has not fused, can be mistaken for a fracture

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15
Q

what is a phlebolith

A
  • calcification within venous structures, commonly found in pelvis
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16
Q

how does a phlebolith show on scans

A
  • focal calcifications, often with radiolucent centres
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17
Q

what is a nutrient foramen

A

a small tunnel through the cortex of a long bone containing a nutrient artery that supplies the bone

  • can be mistaken for fracture
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18
Q

how can you tell the difference between a nutrient foramen or a fracture

A

Comparing to fracture lines, nutrient artery canals show less radiolucency, smaller diameter, and blunted ends in both the cortex and medullary cavity, show sclerotic walls in the cortex and have the less straight course in the medullary cavity.

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19
Q

what is a bipartite patella

A

a congenital condition (present at birth) that occurs when the patella (kneecap) is made of two bones instead of a single bone.

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20
Q

how can you tell if its a bipartite patella or fracture

A

A bipartite patella has usually been present for a long time, so the bony edges will be wider or sclerotic. However, a fracture would have well-defined and sharp edges that are not sclerotic in most circumstances.

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21
Q

what is dextrocardia

A

the heart is positioned on the right side of the chest instead of its normal position on the left side.

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22
Q

what is situs inverses totalis

A

a rare congenital abnormality characterized by a mirror-image transposition of both the abdominal and the thoracic organs

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23
Q

what is a horse shoe kidney

A

a condition in which the kidneys are fused together at the lower end or base.

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24
Q

what is avascular necrosis

A

a disease that results from the temporary or permanent loss of blood supply to the bone

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25
whats perths disease
Blood supply to the head of the femur is disrupted which causes the bone to deteriorate.
26
what is kienbock disease (AVN lunate)
- osteonecrosis of lunate death of bone tissue of lunate - it can lead to tiny breaks in the bone and cause the bone to collapse
27
how can you tell a kienbock disease from a radiograph
lunate looks like its in several pieces, crumbly looking
28
what is kohler disease (AVN navicular)
- avascular necrosis to navicular
29
who does kohlers disease happen to and how/why
pediatrists - thought to be caused by the compression of the navicular bone prior to ossification. This leads to blood flow abnormalities resulting in avascular necrosis.
30
what is myositis ossificans
bone tissue forms within muscle - condition stems from injury
31
what can cause myositis ossificans
when a bruise, repetitive trauma or strain occurs to muscle
32
what is heterotopic ossificans
a frequent complication in the rehabilitation setting which consists of the formation of mature, lamellar bone in the extraskeletal soft tissue where bone does not usually exist.
33
myositis ossificans is the most common form of heterotopic ossificans
34
what is bone infarction
osteonecrosis within metaphysics or diaphysis of bone
35
how can you spot bone infarct on radiogrpah
- looks cloudy/ contusion in shaft of bone - looks like theres scrunched up paper in bone shaft
36
what is ischaemia
is a condition in which blood flow (and thus oxygen) is restricted or reduced in a part of the body
37
what is a unicameral bone cyst, where is this commonly found
benign bone tumour / common benign tumor-like bone lesions - proximal end of humerus and femur
38
what is a fallen fragment sign
presence of a bone fracture fragment resting dependently in a cystic bone lesion. (unicameral bone cust)
39
what is (multiple)/enchondroma also known as Ollier disease
greater than normal growth of the cartilage in the long bones of the legs and arms so that growth is abnormal and the outer layer (cortical bone) of the bone becomes thin and more fragile.
40
what is fibrous cortical defect
- benign bony lesion - usually found in distal femur, proximal and distal tibia ' dont touch ' lesion
41
what do you label a lesion larger than 2cm
non-ossifying fibroma ( also a 'dont touch' lesion )
42
what is osteochondromas
- an overgrowth of cartilage and bone that happens at the end of the bone near the growth plate.
43
what is mixed sclerosis bone dysplasia
multiple, round or oval, sclerotic foci at epiphysis of long bones, carpus, tarsus, pelvis and scapulae
44
what is sclerosis of bone
Bone sclerosis is a focal, multifocal, or diffuse increase in the density of the bone matrix
45
what is osteopoikilosis
sclerosing bony dysplasia characterised by multiple benign enostoses (small area of compact bone within the cancellous bone)
46
where does osteopoikilosis often affect
shoulder, elbow, hands, pelvis, knee, feet
47
what is melorheostosis
new bone tissue to grow on your existing outer bone layers (cortical bones).
48
what is pagets disease
- thickening, sclerosis and increased trabeculation of whole left pelvis
49
what is osteomyelitis
an inflammation or swelling of bone tissue that is usually the result of an infection.
50
how can you identify osteomyelitis on radiogrpahy
- dark jagged appearance in areas of bone
51
what is fibrous dysplasia
- happens when abnormal fibrous (scar-like) tissue replaces healthy bone. - The fibrous tissue weakens the bone over time, which can lead to fractures (breaks) and misshapen bones.
52
what does fibrous dysplasia look like on scan
- bones can look curved (as its weak) - with a scrunched pattern/ scar like tissue
53
what is osteoarthritis
a degenerative joint disease, in which the tissues in the joint break down over time.
54
how can you identify osteoarthritis on scan
- decreased joint space / no joint space
55
whats rheumatoid arthritis
- immune system attacks the joints, beginning with the lining of joints. - joint space reduction and - bone erosion
56
what is the difference between the location of where RA and OA tends to happen
RA = more in smaller joints e.g wrists OA = larger joints e.g knees
57
how can you identify rheumatoid osteoarthritis on scan
- joint space reduction - bone erosion - swelling
58
what is gout
inflammatory arthritis - causes pain and swelling in joints
59
how can you identify gout on scan
- punched out bone lesion and or sclerosis of margin - rat bite from erosion of long standing - overhanding margin - large swelling around joints
60
what is multiple myeloma
blood cancer that develops in plasma cells in the bone marrow
61
what does multiple myeloma look like on scan
- many small dark spots across bone
62
what is a lytic metastases
distant tumour deposits of a primary tumour within bone characterised by a loss of bone with the destruction of the bone matrix.
63
what is sclerotic metastases
distant tumour deposits of a primary tumour within bone characterised by new bone deposition or new bone formation
64
be aware that there can be different pathology depending on the age range, even if image looks similar, it can be different pathology
65
lytic = dark on scans (lacking) sclerotic = bright on scans (growth/thickening)
66
what is chondroblastoma
a benign, chondroid-producing neoplasm composed of chondroblasts
67

RAD415 PT2 (14 decks)

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