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RAD415 PT2 > GI pathology > Flashcards

GI pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 categories of GI pathology

A
  • physical
  • functional
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2
Q

what are the 3 subcategories of physical GI pathology

A

growths e/g polyps

inflammation

pouches/fistulas/perforations

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3
Q

what are 4 types of ‘growths’ we can find in the GI

A
  • cancers
  • polyps
  • benign strictures
  • webs
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4
Q

what are oesophageal webs

A

Oesophageal webs refer to an oesophageal constriction caused by a thin mucosal membrane projecting into the lumen.

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5
Q

what are benign oesophageal strictures

A

Benign esophageal stricture is a narrowing of the esophagus (the tube from the mouth to the stomach). It causes swallowing difficulties. Benign means that it is not caused by cancer of the esophagu

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6
Q

what is diverticula

A

small bulges that stick out of the side of the large intestine (colon)

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7
Q

what are fistulas

A

an abnormal connection between an organ, vessel, or intestine and another organ, vessel or intestine, or the skin.

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8
Q

what are GI perforations

A

a hole in your gastrointestinal (GI) tract

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9
Q

What are 2 inflammatory conditions that can occur in the GI tract

A
  • ulcers
  • crohns
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10
Q

what is a peptic ulcer

A

A peptic ulcer is a sore on the lining of your stomach, small intestine or esophagus

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11
Q

what is crohns disease

A
  • type of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) that causes your digestive tract to become swollen and irritated.
  • your immune system doesn’t work properly. The body starts attacking itself, causing painful ulcers and inflammation in the gut. Although Crohn’s is called an Inflammatory Bowel Disease, any part of the gut can be affected, from your mouth to your anus
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12
Q

what are the 2 functional pathology of the GI tract

A
  • dysmotility
  • neurological impairment
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13
Q

what is dysmotility

A

a condition in which muscles of the digestive system become impaired and changes in the speed, strength or coordination in the digestive organs occurs.

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14
Q

how can neurological disorders affect the GI tract

A

Common gastrointestinal symptoms in neurologic disorders include sialorrhea,
dysphagia (difficulty swallowing) , gastroparesis,
intestinal pseudo-obstruction, constipation,
diarrhea, and
fecal incontinence.

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15
Q

what growth in the GI tract can be a precursor to cancer

A

polyps

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16
Q

what is an endoscopy

A

A long, thin tube with a small camera inside, called an endoscope, is passed into your body through a natural opening such as your mouth.

  • used to see ur upper GI tract
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17
Q

what are some pros and cons of endoscopy

A

pro =
- no radiation
- collection of biopsy
- gold standard for intraluminal evaluation

cons =
- poorly tolerated by patient
- invasive
- no extraluminal info
- time consuming
- limited dynamic info

18
Q

endoscopy can see ulcers, diverticula and polyps

A
19
Q

what contrast is used to visualise bowel obstruction in CT

A

gastrograffin

20
Q

identify/make sure you know what large and small bowel obstruction looks like

A

using fluroscopy

21
Q

pros and cons of fluroscopy

A

pro =
- dynamic study
- low radiation dose
- immediate evaluation of imaging
- provides some extra luminal information

con=
- 2d
- associated radiation dose
- poor soft tissue differentiation
- quality is patient and operator dependant

22
Q

what contrast is used in fluroscopy to highlight the GI tract

A

barium meal/swallow or barium enema

23
Q

what areas of the GI tract can the barium swallow highlight

A

upper gi tract down to beginning of small intesting

24
Q

what areas of GI tract can barium enema highlight

A

large intestine and rectum

25
Q

what is a barium follow through used for

A

specific for viewing the small intestine as neither the barium swallow or enema can get a complete view of this structure

26
Q

if you see an ‘apple core’ structure in the bowel during a fluroscopy, what can this indicate

A
  • malignant stricture
27
Q

how can you identify crohns disease in the bowel through fluoroscopic images

A

has a rose thorn appearance, looks spikey

28
Q

what is a proctogram

A
  • an examination of the lower bowel and rectum using x-rays. It shows how your rectum functions during the emptying of your bowels
  • x-ray examination which produces a series of images that demonstrates your bowel movements when you go to the toilet
  • fluoroscopic and you have barium meal
29
Q

what is CT colonography

A

CT scans to check the large bowel (colon) and back passage (rectum).

  • can form a 3d model with post processing system
  • enters through anus
30
Q

what imaging modality in specific is good for identifying polyps in the bowels

A

CT colonography

31
Q

What contrast is used to identify bowel obstruction in MRI

A

gadolinium

32
Q

how can you identify crohns disease from an MRI scan

A
  • fat halo structures are seen in the bowel
33
Q

what type of imaging is used to identify acute GI bleeds

A
  • SPECT-CT (nuclear medicine)
  • Single-photon emission computed tomography
34
Q

what is an endoscopic ultrasound

A

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is a minimally invasive procedure to assess diseases of the digestive (gastrointestinal) tract and other nearby organs and tissues.

Endoscopic ultrasound combines the use of a thin, flexible tube (endoscope) inserted into the gastrointestinal tract and a device that uses sound waves to create images (ultrasound).

35
Q

does diverticula affect the inner our outer side of the bowel lining and why might it occur

A

diverticula is seen on the outside lining of the bowels

  • usually age related cause
36
Q

compare the position of diverticula and polyps on the bowels

A

polyps sit on inside lining of bowel

diverticula sit on outside lining of bowel

37
Q

what is a large issue associated with diverticular disease

A
  • they can potentially get infected and burst
  • this releases the many colonies of bacteria within the gut into the abdomen
  • causing sepsis and this is deathly
38
Q

what is ulcerative colitis

A

inflammation of large bowel and recturm, can have ulcers

39
Q

what is the difference between ulcerative colitis and crohns disease

A

they both cause inflammation and ulcers but ulcerative colitis occurs only in large intestine and rectum

  • crohns can occur anywhere in the GI tract from mouth to anus
40
Q

identify what SI/LI obstruction looks like on mri

A
41
Q
A

RAD415 PT2 (14 decks)

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