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RAD415 PT2 > neuropathology brain > Flashcards

neuropathology brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are meninges?

A

Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

what are the 3 meninges

A

inner layer = Pia mater (delicate)

middle layer = arachnoid (fluid filled cushion)

outer layer = dura mater (tough)

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3
Q

what are 3 things that cause intracranial pressure

A
  • cerebral oedema
  • increased CSF volume (hydrocephalus)
  • lesions etc
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4
Q

what is cerebral odema

A
  • increased fluid leakage due to cellular injury or from blood vessels
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5
Q

what does cerebral oedema look like in the brain

A
  • flattened gyri
  • narrowed sulci
  • compressed ventricles
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6
Q

cerebral oedema is the result of pathology such as?

A

hydrocephaly

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7
Q

what are 3 types of odema

A

vasogenic oedema

cytotoxic odema

interstitial oedema

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8
Q

what is vasogenic oedema

A
  • blood-brain barrier disrupted
  • increased vascular permeability
  • fluid extrudes from intravascular space into intracellular space of brain
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9
Q

whats cytotoxic oedema

A
  • cell membrane injury
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10
Q

what is interstitial oedema/ hydrocephalic oedema

A
  • occurs around lateral ventricles when increase in intravascular pressure causes abnormal flow of fluid from intraventricular CSF across ependymal lining to periventricular white matter
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11
Q

where is the site of CSF production

A
  • ventricles
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12
Q

what structure is the ventricular system continuous with?

A

subarachnoid space

(the interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.)

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13
Q

find and label a diagram of the ventricles

A
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14
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of excessive CSF within ventricles

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15
Q

what is the main cause of hydrocephalus

A
  • impaired CSF flow and resorption
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16
Q

what can you see during hydrocephalus

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • enlarged head
  • elevated increased inter cranial pressure (ICP)
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17
Q

what is meant by communication or non-communication/obstructive hydrocephalus

A

communication = ventricles communicate with subarachnoid space during enlargement

obstructive = flow of CSF is blocked along one or more of the narrow passages connecting the ventricles.

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18
Q

hydrocephalus can be due to obstruction or pathology causing the fluid to move from one side of the ventricle to the other e.g tumour.

A
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19
Q

what is herniation of the brain

A
  • displacement of brain tissue through rigid dural folds (falx cerebri and tentorium)
  • or through openings in skull e.g foramen magum
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20
Q

what is subfalcine herniation

A
  • unilateral expansion of cerebral hemisphere displacing gyri through flax cerebri
  • compresses anterior cerebral artery
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21
Q

what is transtentorial herniation

A
  • medial part of temporal lobe compresses against free margin of tentorium cerebelli
  • compresses posterior cerebral artery
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22
Q

what is tonsillar herniation

A
  • displacement of cerebella tonsils trough foramen magnum
  • brainstem compression
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23
Q

what is a neural tube defect

A

failure of neural tube closurew

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24
Q

what are 3 types of pathology as a result of neural tube defect

A
  • encephalocoele
  • anencephaly
  • spina bifida
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25
brain and spinal cord form from the neural tube during baby growth
26
what is encephalocoele
- diverticulum of abnormal brain tissue herniating thru defect in cranium - Brain herniating - posterior fossa - anterior fossa
27
what does encephal mean
relating to brain
28
what does coele mean
swelling/mass
29
what is anencephaly
malformation of anterior end of neural tube - most of brain and calvarium absent - an (no) encephaly (brain) - no Brain formation
30
what can anencephaly look like on an foetal scan?
- frog eye sign - only nose and round orbits seen
31
what is spina bifida
when a baby's spine and spinal cord does not develop properly in the womb, causing a gap in the spine. - bulge can come out of this gap
32
how do you know if the spina bifida is open or closed
- if the spinal cord is not found within the bulge, its closed (spinal cord remains along the vertebral column) - if the spinal cord/ caudal equine nerves are found in the bulge, it is open (cord is not following the vertebral column)
33
what is megalencephaly
abnormally large brain volume
34
what is microencephaly
abnormally small brain volume
35
what is lissencephaly
abnormally reduced number of gyri or absence of gyri
36
what is polymicrogyria
small, irregular gyri (numerous)
37
what is holoproencephaly
incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres across midline
38
what is corpus callosum agenesis
absence of corpus callosum (the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres)
39
what is dandy-walker malformation
a congenital (happening before birth) condition where the cerebellum does not develop normally - enlarges posterior fossa
40
what is Joubert syndrome
absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis (an area of the brain that controls balance and coordination) and a malformed brain stem.
41
how do you define a displaced/depressed skull fracture
- bone displaced into cranial cavity by a distance greater than thickness of bone
42
what is a diastatic skull fracture
- fracture crosses the sutures
43
what is a basal skull fracture
associated orbital or mastoid haematomas from impact to the occipital or temporal regions
44
what is an extra/epidural haemorrhage
- extravasation of blood under arterial pressure causing separation of dura from skill surface - extradural haemorrhage is made of arterial blood - outside of duramater
45
what does a extradural haemorrhage look like on MRI scan
- lemon shaped - bright (as it is made of arteriole blood, arteriole blood shows bright on MRI)
46
what is a subdural haemorrhage
blood collects between the skull and the surface of the brain. - subdural haemorrhage is made of venous blood
47
what does a subdural haemorrhage look like on MRI scan
- long and thin on edge of brain - dark ( as subdural haemorrhage is made of venous blood, it shows up dark on MRI)
48
what is a subarachnoid haemorrhage
bleeding in the space between your brain and the membrane that covers it due to burst of cerebral artery aneurysm
49
what is an intraparenchymal haemorrhage
bleeding into the brain parenchyma prope / bleeding within the brain tissue
50
what is stroke
sudden onset of focal neurological deficit of vascular origin blood supply to part of your brain is cut off. - must be sudden onset to be classified as stroke
51
what are the 2 main types of stroke
ischemic hemorrhagic
52
what is a ischemic stroke
- obstruction within blood vessel supplying blood to brain
53
what is a hemorrhagic stroke
- weakened blood vessel ruptures
54
stroke causes Brian tissue death due to lack of oxygen and nutrients, can be deadly or lead to disabilty
55
what is a transient ischaemic attack / ministroke
if blood flow during ischemic stroke is restored to brain and symptoms resolve within 24 hrs
56
what is the largest risk factor associated with deep brain parenchymal hemorrhage
hypertension
57
what is meningitis
inflammation of meninges and CSF within subarachnoid space - usually due to infection
58
what is meningoencephalitis
inflammation of meninges and brain parenchyma
59
what is multiple scleorsis
autoimmune demyelinating disorder directed against components of myeline sheath - demyelination of axons - white matter disease
60
what is myeline essential for
nerve conduction - myelin loss effects transmission of electrical impulses along the axons
61
what is Alzheimer disease
- frontoparietal dominant lobar atrophy (wasting away) - brain overall shrinks due to parts of brain dying (grey matter) - a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks - deposits tau or neurofibrillary protein that can damage brain
62
what is vascular dementia
- accumulation of cortical infarcts or white matter lesions causing reduced blood flow to brain
63
what is the most common type of dementia
alzheimers
64
what type of patients usually have vascular dementia
- those with atherosclerosis (narrowing of artery) or - chronic hypertension
65
what is Parkinson's disease
- progressive loss of dopaminergic neurones in substantial nigra region - movement disorder
66
what is progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP)
when brain cells in certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau. - 2nd most common form of Parkinson's
67
fracture of basal skull can lead to CSF leakage laceration of blood vessel due to fracture can lead to haemorrhage aneurysm is a bulge in the blood vessels due to weakened walls and can cause haemorrhage when burst
68
what is Huntingdon's disease
an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die. uncontrolled movement of the arms, legs, head, face and upper body.
69
what is ALS
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - motor neurone disease (Stephen hawking) - progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord. - as the area degenerates it leads to hardening (sclerosis) - twitching, loss of motor control etc
70

RAD415 PT2 (14 decks)

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