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RAD415 PT2 > neuropathology brain > Flashcards

neuropathology brain Flashcards

1
Q

what are meninges?

A

Three layers of membranes known as meninges protect the brain and spinal cord.

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2
Q

what are the 3 meninges

A

inner layer = Pia mater (delicate)

middle layer = arachnoid (fluid filled cushion)

outer layer = dura mater (tough)

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3
Q

what are 3 things that cause intracranial pressure

A
  • cerebral oedema
  • increased CSF volume (hydrocephalus)
  • lesions etc
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4
Q

what is cerebral odema

A
  • increased fluid leakage due to cellular injury or from blood vessels
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5
Q

what does cerebral oedema look like in the brain

A
  • flattened gyri
  • narrowed sulci
  • compressed ventricles
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6
Q

cerebral oedema is the result of pathology such as?

A

hydrocephaly

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7
Q

what are 3 types of odema

A

vasogenic oedema

cytotoxic odema

interstitial oedema

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8
Q

what is vasogenic oedema

A
  • blood-brain barrier disrupted
  • increased vascular permeability
  • fluid extrudes from intravascular space into intracellular space of brain
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9
Q

whats cytotoxic oedema

A
  • cell membrane injury
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10
Q

what is interstitial oedema/ hydrocephalic oedema

A
  • occurs around lateral ventricles when increase in intravascular pressure causes abnormal flow of fluid from intraventricular CSF across ependymal lining to periventricular white matter
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11
Q

where is the site of CSF production

A
  • ventricles
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12
Q

what structure is the ventricular system continuous with?

A

subarachnoid space

(the interval between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.)

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13
Q

find and label a diagram of the ventricles

A
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14
Q

what is hydrocephalus

A

accumulation of excessive CSF within ventricles

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15
Q

what is the main cause of hydrocephalus

A
  • impaired CSF flow and resorption
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16
Q

what can you see during hydrocephalus

A
  • enlarged ventricles
  • enlarged head
  • elevated increased inter cranial pressure (ICP)
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17
Q

what is meant by communication or non-communication/obstructive hydrocephalus

A

communication = ventricles communicate with subarachnoid space during enlargement

obstructive = flow of CSF is blocked along one or more of the narrow passages connecting the ventricles.

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18
Q

hydrocephalus can be due to obstruction or pathology causing the fluid to move from one side of the ventricle to the other e.g tumour.

A
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19
Q

what is herniation of the brain

A
  • displacement of brain tissue through rigid dural folds (falx cerebri and tentorium)
  • or through openings in skull e.g foramen magum
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20
Q

what is subfalcine herniation

A
  • unilateral expansion of cerebral hemisphere displacing gyri through flax cerebri
  • compresses anterior cerebral artery
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21
Q

what is transtentorial herniation

A
  • medial part of temporal lobe compresses against free margin of tentorium cerebelli
  • compresses posterior cerebral artery
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22
Q

what is tonsillar herniation

A
  • displacement of cerebella tonsils trough foramen magnum
  • brainstem compression
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23
Q

what is a neural tube defect

A

failure of neural tube closurew

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24
Q

what are 3 types of pathology as a result of neural tube defect

A
  • encephalocoele
  • anencephaly
  • spina bifida
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25
Q

brain and spinal cord form from the neural tube during baby growth

A
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26
Q

what is encephalocoele

A
  • diverticulum of abnormal brain tissue herniating thru defect in cranium
  • Brain herniating
  • posterior fossa
  • anterior fossa
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27
Q

what does encephal mean

A

relating to brain

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28
Q

what does coele mean

A

swelling/mass

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29
Q

what is anencephaly

A

malformation of anterior end of neural tube

  • most of brain and calvarium absent
  • an (no) encephaly (brain)
  • no Brain formation
30
Q

what can anencephaly look like on an foetal scan?

A
  • frog eye sign
  • only nose and round orbits seen
31
Q

what is spina bifida

A

when a baby’s spine and spinal cord does not develop properly in the womb, causing a gap in the spine.

  • bulge can come out of this gap
32
Q

how do you know if the spina bifida is open or closed

A
  • if the spinal cord is not found within the bulge, its closed (spinal cord remains along the vertebral column)
  • if the spinal cord/ caudal equine nerves are found in the bulge, it is open (cord is not following the vertebral column)
33
Q

what is megalencephaly

A

abnormally large brain volume

34
Q

what is microencephaly

A

abnormally small brain volume

35
Q

what is lissencephaly

A

abnormally reduced number of gyri or absence of gyri

36
Q

what is polymicrogyria

A

small, irregular gyri (numerous)

37
Q

what is holoproencephaly

A

incomplete separation of the cerebral hemispheres across midline

38
Q

what is corpus callosum agenesis

A

absence of corpus callosum

(the primary commissural region of the brain consisting of white matter tracts that connect the left and right cerebral hemispheres)

39
Q

what is dandy-walker malformation

A

a congenital (happening before birth) condition where the cerebellum does not develop normally

  • enlarges posterior fossa
40
Q

what is Joubert syndrome

A

absence or underdevelopment of the cerebellar vermis (an area of the brain that controls balance and coordination) and a malformed brain stem.

41
Q

how do you define a displaced/depressed skull fracture

A
  • bone displaced into cranial cavity by a distance greater than thickness of bone
42
Q

what is a diastatic skull fracture

A
  • fracture crosses the sutures
43
Q

what is a basal skull fracture

A

associated orbital or mastoid haematomas from impact to the occipital or temporal regions

44
Q

what is an extra/epidural haemorrhage

A
  • extravasation of blood under arterial pressure causing separation of dura from skill surface
  • extradural haemorrhage is made of arterial blood
  • outside of duramater
45
Q

what does a extradural haemorrhage look like on MRI scan

A
  • lemon shaped
  • bright

(as it is made of arteriole blood, arteriole blood shows bright on MRI)

46
Q

what is a subdural haemorrhage

A

blood collects between the skull and the surface of the brain.

  • subdural haemorrhage is made of venous blood
47
Q

what does a subdural haemorrhage look like on MRI scan

A
  • long and thin on edge of brain
  • dark

( as subdural haemorrhage is made of venous blood, it shows up dark on MRI)

48
Q

what is a subarachnoid haemorrhage

A

bleeding in the space between your brain and the membrane that covers it due to burst of cerebral artery aneurysm

49
Q

what is an intraparenchymal haemorrhage

A

bleeding into the brain parenchyma prope / bleeding within the brain tissue

50
Q

what is stroke

A

sudden onset of focal neurological deficit of vascular origin

blood supply to part of your brain is cut off.

  • must be sudden onset to be classified as stroke
51
Q

what are the 2 main types of stroke

A

ischemic

hemorrhagic

52
Q

what is a ischemic stroke

A
  • obstruction within blood vessel supplying blood to brain
53
Q

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

A
  • weakened blood vessel ruptures
54
Q

stroke causes Brian tissue death due to lack of oxygen and nutrients, can be deadly or lead to disabilty

A
55
Q

what is a transient ischaemic attack / ministroke

A

if blood flow during ischemic stroke is restored to brain and symptoms resolve within 24 hrs

56
Q

what is the largest risk factor associated with deep brain parenchymal hemorrhage

A

hypertension

57
Q

what is meningitis

A

inflammation of meninges and CSF within subarachnoid space

  • usually due to infection
58
Q

what is meningoencephalitis

A

inflammation of meninges and brain parenchyma

59
Q

what is multiple scleorsis

A

autoimmune demyelinating disorder directed against components of myeline sheath

  • demyelination of axons
  • white matter disease
60
Q

what is myeline essential for

A

nerve conduction

  • myelin loss effects transmission of electrical impulses along the axons
61
Q

what is Alzheimer disease

A
  • frontoparietal dominant lobar atrophy (wasting away)
  • brain overall shrinks due to parts of brain dying (grey matter)
  • a brain disorder that slowly destroys memory and thinking skills and, eventually, the ability to carry out the simplest tasks
  • deposits tau or neurofibrillary protein that can damage brain
62
Q

what is vascular dementia

A
  • accumulation of cortical infarcts or white matter lesions causing reduced blood flow to brain
63
Q

what is the most common type of dementia

A

alzheimers

64
Q

what type of patients usually have vascular dementia

A
  • those with atherosclerosis (narrowing of artery)
    or
  • chronic hypertension
65
Q

what is Parkinson’s disease

A
  • progressive loss of dopaminergic neurones in substantial nigra region
  • movement disorder
66
Q

what is progressive supra nuclear palsy (PSP)

A

when brain cells in certain parts of the brain are damaged as a result of a build-up of a protein called tau.

  • 2nd most common form of Parkinson’s
67
Q

fracture of basal skull can lead to CSF leakage

laceration of blood vessel due to fracture can lead to haemorrhage

aneurysm is a bulge in the blood vessels due to weakened walls and can cause haemorrhage when burst

A
68
Q

what is Huntingdon’s disease

A

an inherited disorder that causes nerve cells (neurons) in parts of the brain to gradually break down and die.

uncontrolled movement of the arms, legs, head, face and upper body.

69
Q

what is ALS

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

  • motor neurone disease (Stephen hawking)
  • progressive neurodegenerative disease that affects nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord.
  • as the area degenerates it leads to hardening (sclerosis)
  • twitching, loss of motor control etc
70
Q
A

RAD415 PT2 (14 decks)

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