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314 Exam 2 > Non-Specific Resistance Against Disease > Flashcards

Non-Specific Resistance Against Disease Flashcards

1
Q

nonspecific resistance is

A

innate, or built-in protection against invasion by a wide range of pathogens

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2
Q

pathogens are

A

disease-producing agents that include infectious organisms, toxic chemicals, radiation

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3
Q

human body harbors billions of bacteria because

A

homeostasis provides ideal temp, moisture, pH and nutrients for microbial life

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4
Q

the first line of defense against pathogens are

A

the skin and mucous membranes

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5
Q

skin is typically too

A

dry and nutrient poor for microbes to survive

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6
Q

epidermal cells and keratin provide

A

mechanical barrier against microbes

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7
Q

coat of antimicrobial chemicals and lactic acid from sweat cover

A

skin and protect from pathogens

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8
Q

sebaceous glands secrete

A

oily sebum to form protective film over skin

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9
Q

mucous membranes line

A

body cavities that are open to the exterior and secrete mucous to trap microbes that try to enter these cavities

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10
Q

areolar connective tissues contains

A

hyaluronic acid which gives it thick and sticky consistency that makes it difficult for microbes to penetrate

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11
Q

the lacrimal apparatus secretes

A

tears to keep microbes from infecting the eyeballs

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12
Q

saliva dilutes

A

the number of microorganisms and washes them from the teeth and mouth

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13
Q

sweat glands produce

A

perspiration to flush microorganisms from the skin

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14
Q

mucus, tears, saliva, and perspiration contain

A

lysozyme which dissolves bacterial walls

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15
Q

urine prevents

A

microbial growth in the urinary system by constantly flushing the urethra

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16
Q

acidic secretions from gastric glands in the stomach and glands in the vagina retard

A

bacterial growth in the intestinal tract and female reproductive tract, respectively

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17
Q

organisms that get past the skin and mucous membranes are

A

attacked by phagocytes

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18
Q

phagocyte adheres to a pathogen by

A

recognizing its carbohydrate signature

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19
Q

neutrophils usually

A

phagocytize bacteria, but they can also kill bacteria with chemicals

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20
Q

neutrophil releases enzymes to form

A

a “killing zone” around itself which kills many more bacteria than it could destroy by phagocytosis

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21
Q

killing zone typically contains

A

hydrogen peroxide and hypchorite to kill bacteria but neutrophil also dies
-may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis

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22
Q

natural killer (NK) cells are

A

large lymphocytes produced in red bone marrow, which kill a wide variety of bacteria and host cells that have become cancerous or gotten infected with viruses

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23
Q

when a natural killer cell encounters a microbe or an abnormal host cell,

A

it secretes perforins to rupture membrane and destroy target cell

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24
Q

natural kills cells are found in

A

blood, the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

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25
Q

macrophages develop from monocytes and become

A

scavenger cells

26
Q

wandering macrophages

A

leave the blood to seek out pathogens in the tissues

27
Q

fixed macrophages

A

stand guard in certain tissues and/or organ and phagocytize pathogens that come to them

28
Q

antimicrobial proteins provide

A

a second line of defense against bacteria and viruses that penetrate the skin and mucous membranes

29
Q

interferons are

A

proteins that have been produced and released by cells that have become infected with viruses

30
Q

interferons stimulate

A

uninfected neighbor cells to manufacture antiviral cells that can interfere with or inhibit viral replication
**not virus specific

31
Q

the complement system describes

A

a group of 30 or more proteins that are synthesized by the liver and circulate in the blood plasma in an inactive form

32
Q

activation of the complement system by a pathogen

A

splits one of these proteins into fragments that can destroy pahtogen by inflammation or immune clearance or phagocytize or cytolysis

33
Q

classical pathway requires

A

activation of antibodies which makes it part of immune response

34
Q

alternative pathway is

A

non-specific

-active complement fragments can bind to viruses or bacteria or yeast

35
Q

lectin pathway binds to

A

plasma proteins to particular carbohydrates to initiate a reaction cascade

36
Q

inflammation is a

A

local response to tissue damage that is designed to limit the spread of a pathogen, to remove debris associated with damaged tissue, and to initiate tissue repair

37
Q

inflammation is characterized by

A

redness, swelling, heat, and pain

-words that end in -itis

38
Q

inflammation is mediated by

A

small cytokine proteins that alter physiology or behavior of recipient cell

39
Q

local vasodilation

A

increases blood flow to the damaged tissue and causes hyperthemia, which produces redness and heat in the inflamed region

40
Q

mast cells release

A

histamines and other cells release kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrines, all chemicals increase permeability of blood vessels and promote filtration of fluid into interstitial space

41
Q

swelling (edema) presses on

A

nerve endings

-this combines with bacterial toxins and prostaglandins, kinins to produce pain sensations

42
Q

swelling is good because

A

fluids move foreign substances into the lymphatic system also delivers compliment proteins and clotting factors to damaged tissue

43
Q

soon after inflammation begins,

A

the damaged tissue gets flooded with leukocytes, which leads to the increase in white blood cell count that is characteristic of inflammation

44
Q

neutrophils accumulate in

A

capillaries to identify inflammation site

45
Q

diapedesis allows

A

leukocytes to change their shape and crawl through capillary walls to enter interstitial fluid

46
Q

pathogens must be contained and destroyed before

A

they can spread throughout the body

47
Q

fibrinogen filters into

A

fluid around a damaged tissue and forms a clot which sequesters bacteria and any other microbes

48
Q

heparin prevents

A

the blood from clotting in the immediate vicinity of the injury so any pathogens that are present get trapped in fluid-filled clot

49
Q

neurtophils are attracted by

A

chemicals that guide them to the site of injury or infection behin to phagocytize and destroy trapped bacteria

50
Q

neutrophils recruit

A

monocytes and more neutrophils by secreting cytokines

51
Q

monocytes arrive with

A

8-12 hours following injury and become wandering macrophages engulfing any remaining bacteria, damaged host cells, worn out neutrophils, other debris

52
Q

dead and dying phagocytes, cellular debris, and living and dead pathogens get surrounded by

A

a thick yellowish pus, which accumulates in an abscess

53
Q

pus is usually

A

absorbed from the infection site, but if it cannot drain form the inflamed region a blister may form and require surgical drainage

54
Q

fever is

A

abnormal elevation of body temperature due to invading microorganisms

55
Q

fever promotes

A

interferon activity, elevates metabolic rate, inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses and accelerates tissue repair

56
Q

neutrophils and macrophages secrete fever producing agents to

A

raise the hypothalamic set-point for body temperature

57
Q

the raise in the hypothalamic set-point for body temperature causes

A

shivering to generate heat and vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss
-temp oscillates around the new set point as long as the pathogen is present

58
Q

when the pathogen is finally defeated,

A

the secretion of fever-producing agents halts, set point returns to normal, vasodilation and sweating occur

59
Q

in children younger than 15 some viral infections may be followed by

A

Reye syndrome

60
Q

Reye syndrome

A

is where brain swelling produces nausea and vomiting, seizures, and come

61
Q

Reye syndrome can be triggered by

A

aspirin, parents are cautioned not to administer aspirin to children with chicken pox or flu-like symptoms

314 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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