Non-Specific Resistance Against Disease

Question 1

nonspecific resistance is

Answer 1

innate, or built-in protection against invasion by a wide range of pathogens

Question 2

pathogens are

Answer 2

disease-producing agents that include infectious organisms, toxic chemicals, radiation

Question 3

human body harbors billions of bacteria because

Answer 3

homeostasis provides ideal temp, moisture, pH and nutrients for microbial life

Question 4

the first line of defense against pathogens are

Answer 4

the skin and mucous membranes

Question 5

skin is typically too

Answer 5

dry and nutrient poor for microbes to survive

Question 6

epidermal cells and keratin provide

Answer 6

mechanical barrier against microbes

Question 7

coat of antimicrobial chemicals and lactic acid from sweat cover

Answer 7

skin and protect from pathogens

Question 8

sebaceous glands secrete

Answer 8

oily sebum to form protective film over skin

Question 9

mucous membranes line

Answer 9

body cavities that are open to the exterior and secrete mucous to trap microbes that try to enter these cavities

Question 10

areolar connective tissues contains

Answer 10

hyaluronic acid which gives it thick and sticky consistency that makes it difficult for microbes to penetrate

Question 11

the lacrimal apparatus secretes

Answer 11

tears to keep microbes from infecting the eyeballs

Question 12

saliva dilutes

Answer 12

the number of microorganisms and washes them from the teeth and mouth

Question 13

sweat glands produce

Answer 13

perspiration to flush microorganisms from the skin

Question 14

mucus, tears, saliva, and perspiration contain

Answer 14

lysozyme which dissolves bacterial walls

Question 15

urine prevents

Answer 15

microbial growth in the urinary system by constantly flushing the urethra

Question 16

acidic secretions from gastric glands in the stomach and glands in the vagina retard

Answer 16

bacterial growth in the intestinal tract and female reproductive tract, respectively

Question 17

organisms that get past the skin and mucous membranes are

Answer 17

attacked by phagocytes

Question 18

phagocyte adheres to a pathogen by

Answer 18

recognizing its carbohydrate signature

Question 19

neutrophils usually

Answer 19

phagocytize bacteria, but they can also kill bacteria with chemicals

Question 20

neutrophil releases enzymes to form

Answer 20

a “killing zone” around itself which kills many more bacteria than it could destroy by phagocytosis

Question 21

killing zone typically contains

Answer 21

hydrogen peroxide and hypchorite to kill bacteria but neutrophil also dies
-may contribute to the development of rheumatoid arthritis

Question 22

natural killer (NK) cells are

Answer 22

large lymphocytes produced in red bone marrow, which kill a wide variety of bacteria and host cells that have become cancerous or gotten infected with viruses

Question 23

when a natural killer cell encounters a microbe or an abnormal host cell,

Answer 23

it secretes perforins to rupture membrane and destroy target cell

Question 24

natural kills cells are found in

Answer 24

blood, the spleen, lymph nodes, and red bone marrow

Question 25

macrophages develop from monocytes and become

Answer 25

scavenger cells

Question 26

wandering macrophages

Answer 26

leave the blood to seek out pathogens in the tissues

Question 27

fixed macrophages

Answer 27

stand guard in certain tissues and/or organ and phagocytize pathogens that come to them

Question 28

antimicrobial proteins provide

Answer 28

a second line of defense against bacteria and viruses that penetrate the skin and mucous membranes

Question 29

interferons are

Answer 29

proteins that have been produced and released by cells that have become infected with viruses

Question 30

interferons stimulate

Answer 30

uninfected neighbor cells to manufacture antiviral cells that can interfere with or inhibit viral replication ****not virus specific

Question 31

the complement system describes

Answer 31

a group of 30 or more proteins that are synthesized by the liver and circulate in the blood plasma in an inactive form

Question 32

activation of the complement system by a pathogen

Answer 32

splits one of these proteins into fragments that can destroy pahtogen by inflammation or immune clearance or phagocytize or cytolysis

Question 33

classical pathway requires

Answer 33

activation of antibodies which makes it part of immune response

Question 34

alternative pathway is

Answer 34

non-specific | -active complement fragments can bind to viruses or bacteria or yeast

Question 35

lectin pathway binds to

Answer 35

plasma proteins to particular carbohydrates to initiate a reaction cascade

Question 36

inflammation is a

Answer 36

local response to tissue damage that is designed to limit the spread of a pathogen, to remove debris associated with damaged tissue, and to initiate tissue repair

Question 37

inflammation is characterized by

Answer 37

redness, swelling, heat, and pain | -words that end in -itis

Question 38

inflammation is mediated by

Answer 38

small cytokine proteins that alter physiology or behavior of recipient cell

Question 39

local vasodilation

Answer 39

increases blood flow to the damaged tissue and causes hyperthemia, which produces redness and heat in the inflamed region

Question 40

mast cells release

Answer 40

histamines and other cells release kinins, prostaglandins, and leukotrines, all chemicals increase permeability of blood vessels and promote filtration of fluid into interstitial space

Question 41

swelling (edema) presses on

Answer 41

nerve endings | -this combines with bacterial toxins and prostaglandins, kinins to produce pain sensations

Question 42

swelling is good because

Answer 42

fluids move foreign substances into the lymphatic system also delivers compliment proteins and clotting factors to damaged tissue

Question 43

soon after inflammation begins,

Answer 43

the damaged tissue gets flooded with leukocytes, which leads to the increase in white blood cell count that is characteristic of inflammation

Question 44

neutrophils accumulate in

Answer 44

capillaries to identify inflammation site

Question 45

diapedesis allows

Answer 45

leukocytes to change their shape and crawl through capillary walls to enter interstitial fluid

Question 46

pathogens must be contained and destroyed before

Answer 46

they can spread throughout the body

Question 47

fibrinogen filters into

Answer 47

fluid around a damaged tissue and forms a clot which sequesters bacteria and any other microbes

Question 48

heparin prevents

Answer 48

the blood from clotting in the immediate vicinity of the injury so any pathogens that are present get trapped in fluid-filled clot

Question 49

neurtophils are attracted by

Answer 49

chemicals that guide them to the site of injury or infection behin to phagocytize and destroy trapped bacteria

Question 50

neutrophils recruit

Answer 50

monocytes and more neutrophils by secreting cytokines

Question 51

monocytes arrive with

Answer 51

8-12 hours following injury and become wandering macrophages engulfing any remaining bacteria, damaged host cells, worn out neutrophils, other debris

Question 52

dead and dying phagocytes, cellular debris, and living and dead pathogens get surrounded by

Answer 52

a thick yellowish pus, which accumulates in an abscess

Question 53

pus is usually

Answer 53

absorbed from the infection site, but if it cannot drain form the inflamed region a blister may form and require surgical drainage

Question 54

fever is

Answer 54

abnormal elevation of body temperature due to invading microorganisms

Question 55

fever promotes

Answer 55

interferon activity, elevates metabolic rate, inhibits reproduction of bacteria and viruses and accelerates tissue repair

Question 56

neutrophils and macrophages secrete fever producing agents to

Answer 56

raise the hypothalamic set-point for body temperature

Question 57

the raise in the hypothalamic set-point for body temperature causes

Answer 57

shivering to generate heat and vasoconstriction to reduce heat loss -temp oscillates around the new set point as long as the pathogen is present

Question 58

when the pathogen is finally defeated,

Answer 58

the secretion of fever-producing agents halts, set point returns to normal, vasodilation and sweating occur

Question 59

in children younger than 15 some viral infections may be followed by

Answer 59

Reye syndrome

Question 60

Reye syndrome

Answer 60

is where brain swelling produces nausea and vomiting, seizures, and come

Question 61

Reye syndrome can be triggered by

Answer 61

aspirin, parents are cautioned not to administer aspirin to children with chicken pox or flu-like symptoms