Circulatory Disorders

Question 1

Hypertension refers to

Answer 1

persistent high blood pressure that is defined as systolic blood pressure above 140 mm Hg and diastolic blood pressure above 90 mm Hg

Question 2

hypertension increases

Answer 2

afterload which makes ventricles work harder to expel blood

Question 3

in hypertension the myocardium

Answer 3

enlarges, stretches excessively and loses efficiency

Question 4

hypertension is a major cause of stroke

Answer 4

because arteries in brain become more prone to rupture

Question 5

hypertension is a major cause of kidney failure

Answer 5

because arterioles thicken and renal blood flow decreases
-positive feedback releases angiotensin II and aldosterone, which raise blood pressure to improve blood flow through kidneys

Question 6

primary hypertension accounts for

Answer 6

90% or all cases, and results from a collection of factors that cannot be attributed to a single cause

Question 7

obesity increases the

Answer 7

overall length of blood vessels which increases peripheral resistance and raises BP

Question 8

sedentary lifestyle, diets high in saturate fat and cholesterol, diets low in potassium, magnesium, and calcium contributes to

Answer 8

hypertension

Question 9

nicotine has devastating effects

Answer 9

on heart by stimulation vasoconstriction and increasing afterload, which makes myocardium work harder

Question 10

treatments of hypertension include

Answer 10

weight loss, aerobic exercise, dietary changes, and drugs

Question 11

diuretics help to…

Answer 11

decrease blood pressure by reducing the blood volume

Question 12

ACE inhibitors help to…

Answer 12

block the formation of angiotensin II, which decreases sodium and water retention so blood pressure goes down and cardiac output goes up

Question 13

beta-blockers help to…

Answer 13

decrease heart rate and contractility by preventing response to norepinephrine when it binds to adrenergic receptors

Question 14

calcium channel blockers help to….

Answer 14

inhibit flow of calcium ions into cardiac muscle which reduces cardiac workload

Question 15

secondary hypertension can be caused by

Answer 15

kidney disease, atherosclerosis, hypersecretion of aldosterone, Cushing disease, and/or polycythemia

Question 16

coronary atherosclerosis can be triggered by

Answer 16

damage to endothelium of an artery which causes monocytes to adhere to damaged endothelium and penetrate it

Question 17

monocytes become macrophages and

Answer 17

absorb fats and cholesterol to form fatty streaks on artery wall

Question 18

platelets adhere to damaged endothelium

Answer 18

and release chemicals that stimulate formation of atherosclerotic plaque

Question 19

smooth muscle and elastic tissue get replaced by scar tissue

Answer 19

and artery becomes rigid and susceptible to obstruction (arteriosclerosis)

Question 20

hypertension tends to

Answer 20

run in families

-children whose parents have hypertension are twice as likely to develop hypertension

Question 21

hypertension is 30% more common in

Answer 21

blacks than whites

Question 22

hypertension is more common among

Answer 22

men between ages 18 to 54, but more common women older than 65

Question 23

circulatory shock is where

Answer 23

cardiac output fails to deliver enough oxygen and nutrients to meet our metabolic needs

Question 24

cardiogenic shock is caused by

Answer 24

inadequate pumping of the heart usually due to MI

Question 25

hypovolemic shock is characterized by

Answer 25

low blood pressure, weak pulse, and tachycardia following significant blood loss from a sudden hemorrhage or from dehydration

Question 26

hypovolemic shock effects

Answer 26

trauma, internal bleeding, excessive sweating, diarrhea, or vomiting can eliminate much fluid that water is transferred from blood to tissues

Question 27

in hypovolemic shock, venous return

Answer 27

declines, stroke volume decreases and cardiac output falls

Question 28

obstructive shock occurs when

Answer 28

blood flow is block (pulmonary embolism)

Question 29

vascular shock occurs when

Answer 29

too much blood accumulates in limbs

Question 30

anaphylactic shock is

Answer 30

a severe allergic response that releases huge amounts of histamines which triggers rapid vasodilation

Question 31

head trauma can produce

Answer 31

neurogenic shock and sudden loss of vasomotor tone

Question 32

septic shock occurs when

Answer 32

bacterial toxins trigger vasodilation

Question 33

transient vascular shock may occur

Answer 33

after prolonged exposure to sun

Question 34

an aneurysm is

Answer 34

a thin, weakened section in a blood vessel that bulges outward and may eventually rupture, leading to massive hemorrhage

Question 35

varicose veins are

Answer 35

weak, distended superficial veins with leaking valves in the legs, which causes blood pooling

Question 36

in varicose veins fluids leak into

Answer 36

surrounding tissues and cause pain and inflammation

Question 37

edema is

Answer 37

the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue due to increased capillary filtration and reduced capillary reabsorption

Question 38

a stroke, or cerebrovascular accident, is

Answer 38

the sudden death of brain tissue due to cerebral ischemia

Question 39

brief episodes of cerebral ischemia produce

Answer 39

transient ischemia attacks characterized by dizziness, headache, loss of vision, and other sensory losses