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314 Exam 2 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

the immune system consists of

A

cells and tissues that defend the body against specific invading agents, such as bacteria, toxins, viruses, and foreign tissues

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2
Q

immune system is a functional system rather than

A

an organ system

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3
Q

specificity enables the immune system to

A

identify particular pathogens and to distinguish between self molecules and non-self molecules

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4
Q

immune system has a memory for encounters with previously identified antigens which allows

A

it to aggressively respond to subsequent invasions by these pathogens

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5
Q

cellular (cell-mediated) immunity uses

A

lymphocytes to directly attack and destroy foreign cells or host cells that are infected with bacteria or viruses or yeasts

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6
Q

cellular immunity protects against

A

parasitic worms, cancer cells, cells from transplanted organs

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7
Q

humoral (antibody mediated) immunity uses

A

antibodies to “label” pathogens for destruction by other mechanisms

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8
Q

humoral immunity protects agains

A

bacteria and bacterial toxins

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9
Q

naturally acquired active immunity occurs when

A

antibodies or T cells are produced in response to a particular pathogen

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10
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity is

A

temporary immunity resulting from the natural transfer of antibodies from an immunized donor to a non-immunized recipient (nursing mom)

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11
Q

artificially acquired active immunity results from

A

a vaccination

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12
Q

vaccine contains

A

either dead or attenuated pathogens that stimulate body to produce antibodies or T cells

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13
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity is

A

temporary immunity resulting from an injection of serum that contains antibodies that were produced outside of the body

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14
Q

horse serum can be used for the emergency treatment of

A

certain kinds of snakebite

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15
Q

an antigen is an

A

“antibody generating” molecule that shows immunogenicity and reactivity

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16
Q

immunogenicity is the

A

ability to provoke an immune response

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17
Q

reactivity is

A

the ability to interact with specific antibodies or cells

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18
Q

antigen may be a

A

microbe or a part of a micrbone, bacterial cell walls or bacterial toxins incompatible blood cells, or even pollen or egg whites can also by antigenic

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19
Q

most antigens are

A

large, complex proteins that are unique to each individual

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20
Q

an epitope, or an antigenic determinant,

A

is a specific region of an antigen that can trigger an immune response

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21
Q

most antigens have several

A

epitopes that either induce production of specific antibodies or activate specific T cells

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22
Q

haptens

A

are small molecules that attach to larger molecules and create unique complexes that the immune system can recognize as foreign (poison ivy, penicillin)

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23
Q

T lymphocytes are “born” in

A

red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells

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24
Q

T lymphocytes travel to the thymus gland where thymic hormones stimulate them

A

to develop surface antigen receptors and become immunocompetent

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25
Q

when B cells or T cells become immunocompetent they

A

display unique surface receptors to recognize and bind a specific antigen

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26
Q

positive selection produces

A

identical T cells that are programmed to respond to a particular foreign antigen

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27
Q

negative selection eliminates

A

any T cells that bind to self-antigens

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28
Q

Fetal stems cells that remain in bone marrow

A

differentiate into B lymphocytes

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29
Q

the presence of a foreign antigen must

A

be detected for an immune response to occur

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30
Q

exogenous antigens are found

A

in the extracellular fluid outside of the body’s cells

-bacterial toxins, protein, dust

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31
Q

endogenous antigens are produced

A

inside of the body’s cells

-viral proteins, abnormal proteins associated with cancerous cells

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32
Q

each individual has a family of genes called the

A

major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome #6 that code from MHC proteins that act as “self-antigens”

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33
Q

MHC-I proteins are found

A

on the plasma membrane of all body cells, except erythrocytes

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34
Q

MHC-I proteins are continually

A

synthesized by a cell and transported to its plasma membrane

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35
Q

MHC-II proteins occur only

A

on antigen-presenting cells

human leukocyte antigens, HLA

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36
Q

MHC-II proteins help

A

T cells recognize foreign antigens

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37
Q

antigen presenting cells can be

A

B cells, macrophages, or dendritic cells that process and present exogenous antigens for destruction

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38
Q

a foreign antigen is

A

ingested by phagocytosis

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39
Q

digestive enzymes

A

split the antigen into fragments

40
Q

antigen fragments are joined with

A

MHC protein molecules

41
Q

antigen-MHC protein complex is inserted into

A

the plasma membrane of the APC to be “displayed”

42
Q

APC migrates to

A

lymphatic tissue to prevent the “displayed” antigen to T cells

43
Q

interleukins coordinate

A

the activities of various leukocytes that are involved in the immune response

44
Q

lymphokines are produced by

A

lymphocytes

45
Q

monokines are produced by

A

monocytes

46
Q

cell-mediated immunity requires

A

the activation of a small number of T cells by a particular antigen

47
Q

when an antigen presenting cell encounters and processes a foreign antigen,

A

it presents that antigen to a T cell, usually in a lymph node, which recognizes it and binds to the antigen fragments that are being displayed by the APC

48
Q

activation also requires

A

co-stimulation by interleukins, prevents system from destroying healthy cells

49
Q

once a T cell is activated,

A

it proliferates and differentiates into a clone of identical cells that can recognize the particular antigen and carry out the immune attack

50
Q

proliferation peaks within

A

one week of exposure to the antigen

51
Q

Helper cells recognize

A

an antigen MHC II complex and secrete interleukins

52
Q

Helper cells attract

A

neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages that stimulate phagocytosis

53
Q

Helper cells activate

A

T cells and B cells

54
Q

cytotoxic cells recognize

A

foreign antigens combined with MHC-I proteins and become kill cells that can deliver a “lethal hit” to target cell
** and turn off immune response once pathogen has been destroyed**

55
Q

perforin forms

A

holes in the target cells membrane causing cell to burst

56
Q

lymphotoxin activates

A

enzymes in the target cell that destroy DNA

57
Q

tumor necrosis factor kills

A

cancer cells

58
Q

regulatory cells

A

release interkeukins that will inhibit T cell and B cell activity
**and turn off immune response once pathogen has been destroyed*

59
Q

regulatory cells also

A

prevent auto-immune reactions

60
Q

memory T cells

A

remain from a proliferated clone

61
Q

Memory T cells are programmed to

A

recognize the orginal antigen, so immune system can swiftly destroy that pathogen before symptoms of disease occur

62
Q

antigen challenge

A

the first encounter between an immunocompetent and inactive lymphocyte and an invading antigen in the spleen or in a lymph node

63
Q

antibody-mediated immunity

A

an indirect method of protection where B lymphocytes are activated to produce antibodies that bind to antigens in order to destroy them

64
Q

binding of antigen

A

an antigen binds to one or more of the thousands of antigen receptors on the surface of an immunocompetent B cell, which links them together

  • antigen is taken into B cell and broken into fragments
  • epitopes are linked to MHC-II proteins and displayed on surface of B cell
65
Q

when helper T cells recognize the antigen-MHC protein combination,

A

they produce interleukins and other cytokines that function as co-stimulators to activate the B cell

66
Q

activated B cells

A

enlarge and divide and differentiate into a clone of plasma cells

67
Q

plasma cells can

A

synthesize and release antibodies for a specific antigen at a rate of up to 2000 molecules per second for a period of four to five days

68
Q

activated B cells that do not differentiate into plasma cells become

A

memory cells; respond rapidly and forcefully if antigen reappears in future

69
Q

an immunoglobulin consists of

A

four large, complex polypeptide chains

70
Q

each polypeptide chain contains

A

contains a variable region that is specific for a particular antigen and a constant region that will determine how the antibody works

71
Q

constant region

A

determines class to which antibody belongs

72
Q

variable region

A

forms antigen binding site

73
Q

IgG antibodies are

A

the most abundant antibodies

74
Q

IgG antibodies are found in

A

blood, lymph, and in the intestines

75
Q

IgG antibodies protect against

A

bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, by neutralizing toxins, by triggering complement system

76
Q

IgG antibodies are the only antibodies that can

A

cross the placenta from mother to fetus

77
Q

IgA antibodies are found

A

in body secretions, such as tears, saliva, mucus, and milk

78
Q

IgA antibodies provide

A

localized protection against bacteria and viruses

79
Q

IgM antibodies are

A

the first antibodies to be secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to antigen

80
Q

IgM antibodies include

A

anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the ABO blood group, which are potent agglutinating agents

81
Q

IgM presence in blood plasma

A

usually indicates some kind of infection

82
Q

IgE antibodies are found

A

mainly in tonsils, the skin, and in mucous membranes

83
Q

IgE antibodies stimulate

A

mast cells and basophils during inflammation and allergy reactions
also release histamines

84
Q

IgD antibodies are located

A

on B cell membranes where they act as antigen receptors

85
Q

antibodies use _____ ways to disable antigens

A

many

86
Q

antibodies neutralize an antigen by

A

binding to its active region and blocking its effects, since only certain regions of an antigen are pathogenic

87
Q

IgG and IgM antibodies expose

A

complement-binding sits on the target cell which activates compliment system

88
Q

antibodies have _______ antigen-binding sites so they can cause agglutination

A

multiple

89
Q

antiboides link antigen molecules together to create

A

a complex that is too large to remain dissolved in the plasma
-precipitation makes antigens more susceptible to phagocytosis

90
Q

antigens can or cannot destroy antigens by themselves

A

cannot

91
Q

the immune system can recognize a particular antigen to which it has been exposed because of the

A

presence of long-lasting antibodies, memory T cells and memory B cells

92
Q

antibody titer

A

can measure the level of a specific antibody present in the blood

93
Q

a primary immune response

A

occurs following an initial exposure to an antigen and it produces and gradually releases antibodies over a period of time

94
Q

a secondary immune response

A

occurs if the same antigen invades the body at a later time and gets recognized by the memory cells

95
Q

a secondary immune response produces

A

a rapid, vigorous response within hours of re-exposure before antigen has chance to produce any symptoms of illness

314 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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