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314 Exam 2 > Immunity > Flashcards

Immunity Flashcards

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1
Q

the immune system consists of

A

cells and tissues that defend the body against specific invading agents, such as bacteria, toxins, viruses, and foreign tissues

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2
Q

immune system is a functional system rather than

A

an organ system

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3
Q

specificity enables the immune system to

A

identify particular pathogens and to distinguish between self molecules and non-self molecules

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4
Q

immune system has a memory for encounters with previously identified antigens which allows

A

it to aggressively respond to subsequent invasions by these pathogens

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5
Q

cellular (cell-mediated) immunity uses

A

lymphocytes to directly attack and destroy foreign cells or host cells that are infected with bacteria or viruses or yeasts

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6
Q

cellular immunity protects against

A

parasitic worms, cancer cells, cells from transplanted organs

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7
Q

humoral (antibody mediated) immunity uses

A

antibodies to “label” pathogens for destruction by other mechanisms

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8
Q

humoral immunity protects agains

A

bacteria and bacterial toxins

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9
Q

naturally acquired active immunity occurs when

A

antibodies or T cells are produced in response to a particular pathogen

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10
Q

naturally acquired passive immunity is

A

temporary immunity resulting from the natural transfer of antibodies from an immunized donor to a non-immunized recipient (nursing mom)

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11
Q

artificially acquired active immunity results from

A

a vaccination

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12
Q

vaccine contains

A

either dead or attenuated pathogens that stimulate body to produce antibodies or T cells

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13
Q

artificially acquired passive immunity is

A

temporary immunity resulting from an injection of serum that contains antibodies that were produced outside of the body

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14
Q

horse serum can be used for the emergency treatment of

A

certain kinds of snakebite

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15
Q

an antigen is an

A

“antibody generating” molecule that shows immunogenicity and reactivity

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16
Q

immunogenicity is the

A

ability to provoke an immune response

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17
Q

reactivity is

A

the ability to interact with specific antibodies or cells

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18
Q

antigen may be a

A

microbe or a part of a micrbone, bacterial cell walls or bacterial toxins incompatible blood cells, or even pollen or egg whites can also by antigenic

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19
Q

most antigens are

A

large, complex proteins that are unique to each individual

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20
Q

an epitope, or an antigenic determinant,

A

is a specific region of an antigen that can trigger an immune response

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21
Q

most antigens have several

A

epitopes that either induce production of specific antibodies or activate specific T cells

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22
Q

haptens

A

are small molecules that attach to larger molecules and create unique complexes that the immune system can recognize as foreign (poison ivy, penicillin)

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23
Q

T lymphocytes are “born” in

A

red bone marrow from pluripotent stem cells

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24
Q

T lymphocytes travel to the thymus gland where thymic hormones stimulate them

A

to develop surface antigen receptors and become immunocompetent

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25
when B cells or T cells become immunocompetent they
display unique surface receptors to recognize and bind a specific antigen
26
positive selection produces
identical T cells that are programmed to respond to a particular foreign antigen
27
negative selection eliminates
any T cells that bind to self-antigens
28
Fetal stems cells that remain in bone marrow
differentiate into B lymphocytes
29
the presence of a foreign antigen must
be detected for an immune response to occur
30
exogenous antigens are found
in the extracellular fluid outside of the body's cells | -bacterial toxins, protein, dust
31
endogenous antigens are produced
inside of the body's cells | -viral proteins, abnormal proteins associated with cancerous cells
32
each individual has a family of genes called the
major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on chromosome #6 that code from MHC proteins that act as "self-antigens"
33
MHC-I proteins are found
on the plasma membrane of all body cells, except erythrocytes
34
MHC-I proteins are continually
synthesized by a cell and transported to its plasma membrane
35
MHC-II proteins occur only
on antigen-presenting cells | human leukocyte antigens, HLA
36
MHC-II proteins help
T cells recognize foreign antigens
37
antigen presenting cells can be
B cells, macrophages, or dendritic cells that process and present exogenous antigens for destruction
38
a foreign antigen is
ingested by phagocytosis
39
digestive enzymes
split the antigen into fragments
40
antigen fragments are joined with
MHC protein molecules
41
antigen-MHC protein complex is inserted into
the plasma membrane of the APC to be "displayed"
42
APC migrates to
lymphatic tissue to prevent the "displayed" antigen to T cells
43
interleukins coordinate
the activities of various leukocytes that are involved in the immune response
44
lymphokines are produced by
lymphocytes
45
monokines are produced by
monocytes
46
cell-mediated immunity requires
the activation of a small number of T cells by a particular antigen
47
when an antigen presenting cell encounters and processes a foreign antigen,
it presents that antigen to a T cell, usually in a lymph node, which recognizes it and binds to the antigen fragments that are being displayed by the APC
48
activation also requires
co-stimulation by interleukins, prevents system from destroying healthy cells
49
once a T cell is activated,
it proliferates and differentiates into a clone of identical cells that can recognize the particular antigen and carry out the immune attack
50
proliferation peaks within
one week of exposure to the antigen
51
Helper cells recognize
an antigen MHC II complex and secrete interleukins
52
Helper cells attract
neutrophils, natural killer cells, and macrophages that stimulate phagocytosis
53
Helper cells activate
T cells and B cells
54
cytotoxic cells recognize
foreign antigens combined with MHC-I proteins and become kill cells that can deliver a "lethal hit" to target cell **** and turn off immune response once pathogen has been destroyed******
55
perforin forms
holes in the target cells membrane causing cell to burst
56
lymphotoxin activates
enzymes in the target cell that destroy DNA
57
tumor necrosis factor kills
cancer cells
58
regulatory cells
release interkeukins that will inhibit T cell and B cell activity *****and turn off immune response once pathogen has been destroyed****
59
regulatory cells also
prevent auto-immune reactions
60
memory T cells
remain from a proliferated clone
61
Memory T cells are programmed to
recognize the orginal antigen, so immune system can swiftly destroy that pathogen before symptoms of disease occur
62
antigen challenge
the first encounter between an immunocompetent and inactive lymphocyte and an invading antigen in the spleen or in a lymph node
63
antibody-mediated immunity
an indirect method of protection where B lymphocytes are activated to produce antibodies that bind to antigens in order to destroy them
64
binding of antigen
an antigen binds to one or more of the thousands of antigen receptors on the surface of an immunocompetent B cell, which links them together - antigen is taken into B cell and broken into fragments - epitopes are linked to MHC-II proteins and displayed on surface of B cell
65
when helper T cells recognize the antigen-MHC protein combination,
they produce interleukins and other cytokines that function as co-stimulators to activate the B cell
66
activated B cells
enlarge and divide and differentiate into a clone of plasma cells
67
plasma cells can
synthesize and release antibodies for a specific antigen at a rate of up to 2000 molecules per second for a period of four to five days
68
activated B cells that do not differentiate into plasma cells become
memory cells; respond rapidly and forcefully if antigen reappears in future
69
an immunoglobulin consists of
four large, complex polypeptide chains
70
each polypeptide chain contains
contains a variable region that is specific for a particular antigen and a constant region that will determine how the antibody works
71
constant region
determines class to which antibody belongs
72
variable region
forms antigen binding site
73
IgG antibodies are
the most abundant antibodies
74
IgG antibodies are found in
blood, lymph, and in the intestines
75
IgG antibodies protect against
bacteria and viruses by enhancing phagocytosis, by neutralizing toxins, by triggering complement system
76
IgG antibodies are the only antibodies that can
cross the placenta from mother to fetus
77
IgA antibodies are found
in body secretions, such as tears, saliva, mucus, and milk
78
IgA antibodies provide
localized protection against bacteria and viruses
79
IgM antibodies are
the first antibodies to be secreted by plasma cells after initial exposure to antigen
80
IgM antibodies include
anti-A and anti-B antibodies of the ABO blood group, which are potent agglutinating agents
81
IgM presence in blood plasma
usually indicates some kind of infection
82
IgE antibodies are found
mainly in tonsils, the skin, and in mucous membranes
83
IgE antibodies stimulate
mast cells and basophils during inflammation and allergy reactions also release histamines
84
IgD antibodies are located
on B cell membranes where they act as antigen receptors
85
antibodies use _____ ways to disable antigens
many
86
antibodies neutralize an antigen by
binding to its active region and blocking its effects, since only certain regions of an antigen are pathogenic
87
IgG and IgM antibodies expose
complement-binding sits on the target cell which activates compliment system
88
antibodies have _______ antigen-binding sites so they can cause agglutination
multiple
89
antiboides link antigen molecules together to create
a complex that is too large to remain dissolved in the plasma -precipitation makes antigens more susceptible to phagocytosis
90
antigens can or cannot destroy antigens by themselves
cannot
91
the immune system can recognize a particular antigen to which it has been exposed because of the
presence of long-lasting antibodies, memory T cells and memory B cells
92
antibody titer
can measure the level of a specific antibody present in the blood
93
a primary immune response
occurs following an initial exposure to an antigen and it produces and gradually releases antibodies over a period of time
94
a secondary immune response
occurs if the same antigen invades the body at a later time and gets recognized by the memory cells
95
a secondary immune response produces
a rapid, vigorous response within hours of re-exposure before antigen has chance to produce any symptoms of illness

314 Exam 2 (7 decks)

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