Non-Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

Define alleles.

Answer 1

Alternate forms or variations of a gene. The alleles for a trait occupy the same locus or position on homologous chromosomes and thus govern the same trait.

Question 2

Define chromosomes.

Answer 2

Thread-like gene-carrying bodies in the nucleus of the cell and are composed primarily of DNA.

Question 3

How many chromosomes do humans have in each diploid (somatic/body cells) and haploid (sex cells)?

Answer 3

Diploid (Somatic/Body Cells) - 46 chromosomes
Haploid (Sex Cells) - 23 chromosomes

Question 4

Define DNA. (5)

Answer 4

-deoxyribonucleic acids
-the genetic material of all living things
-determines specific traits of an organism
-double helix macromolecule that stores the genetic code to the synthesis of proteins
- is like an instruction manual about how proteins are synthesized

Question 5

F1 Generation is the first offspring generation. What does the “F” stand for?

Answer 5

Filial

Question 6

Define gene. (3)

Answer 6

-found in the locus
-unit of heredity occurring at a specific location
-segments of DNA

Question 7

Define genotype and its types.

Answer 7

Genotype
-full genetic makeup of an individual

Types of Genotypes
1. Homozygous - genotype consisting of the same alleles for a gene and for a particular trait.
2. Heterozygous - genotype consisting of two different alleles for a gene and for a particular trait.

Question 8

Define phenotype.

Answer 8

observable and detectable characteristics of an organism/individual.

Question 9

Who developed the Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance?

Answer 9

Walter Sutton and Theodore Boveri

Question 10

Who discovered DNA initially (DNA structure)?

Answer 10

Rosalind Franklin

Question 11

Describe the DNA structure.

Answer 11

-double helix macromolecule
-nucleic acids’ building blocks are NUCLEOTIDES
-proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, lipids

Question 12

the sugars in your DNA

Answer 12

deoxyribose

Question 13

Where do two nitrogenous bases meet?

Answer 13

at the middle

Question 14

Purines and Pyrimidines are connected with hydrogen bonds. State the parts that belong to each group and which they are with.

Answer 14

Purines - Adenine and Guanine
Pyrimidines - Thymine and Cytosine

Pairing: A and T; G and C

Question 15

Define Incomplete Dominance. (5)

Answer 15

-A heterozygote shows a phenotype that is INTERMEDIATE between the two homozygous phenotypes.
-The dominant allele is not completely expressed when the recessive allele is around.
-Only the phenotype is intermediate so the alleles remain separate and distinct.
-Genotypic ratio becomes the phenotypic ratio,
-F2 Generation: 1:2:1

Question 16

Diseases concerning incomplete dominance.

Answer 16

Familial Hypercholesterolemia (decreased cholesterol in blood)

and

Tay Sachs Disease (gangiocyte accumulation in the brain)

Question 17

Define Codominance. (4)

Answer 17

-One allele is not dominant over the other.
The heterozygote expresses both alleles equally.
-The genotypic ratio is the phenotypic ratio.
-F2 Generation: 1:2:1

Question 18

Disease concerning codominance.

Answer 18

Sickle Cell Anemia

Question 19

Define Multiple Alleles (one-to-many). (3)

Answer 19

-More than two alleles exist for a trait.
-More than two phenotypes are expressed.
-The same strand of DNA is involved.

Question 20

Define Epistasis.

Answer 20

The pattern of inheritance that involves an epistatic gene that affects the expression of a trait.