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Genetics exam #3 > Non Mendelian inheritance > Flashcards

Non Mendelian inheritance Flashcards

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0
Q

__________ cannot be predicted using genotype and mendel’s laws

  • gene expression/inactivation patterns
  • maternal effect
  • extranuclear inheritance
A

phenotypes

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1
Q

many genes ______ follow mendelian inheritance patterns

A

dont

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2
Q
  • involves nuclear genes, nDNA
  • genotype of mother determines phenotype of offspring
  • genotype of father has no effect on phenotype of offspring
A

maternal effect

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3
Q

info is being transferred from mother to offspring.

in what form is this info stored and transmitted?

A

maternal effect hypothesis

DNA, RNA, or proteins?

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4
Q

first example of maternal effect (____)
by _________ ________
-true breeding stains of spiraling
-sinistral left-handed ___________ -dextral right-handed ___________

A

1920s
arthur boycott
uncommon
common

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5
Q

expectation of reciprocal cross experiment…

A

if phenotype ratios different, maybe X-linked

but observed ratios dont follow x-linkage

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6
Q

F1: 1:1 righty:lefty
F2: all snails righty
F3: righty:lefty

A

forgoing ahead with F1 and F2 crosses

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7
Q

maternal nurse cell gene expression affects early embryogenesis

A

mechanism of maternal inheritance

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8
Q

early _________ ________ affected by nurse cell gene products

A

cleavage plane

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9
Q

maternal effect genes important in the

A

development of many species

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10
Q

modification occurs to alter gene expression

  • gene or chromosome
  • not permanent over generations
    ex: gene is inactivated for lifetime of individual, but in offspring, gene can be activated
A

epigenetic inheritance

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11
Q

epigenetic and dosage compensation:

  • offsets differences in the number of ____ __________
  • end results: males and females exhibit similar levels of _____ __________ for a particular locus
  • offspring don’t _______ gene expression level
A

sex chromosomes
gene expression
inherit

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12
Q

who discover dosage compensation .. year?

A

Herman Muller 1932

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13
Q

Herman Muller discovered difference in

A

expression of eye color btween sexes

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14
Q

dosage compensation in diff. animals:
_______ ________- XX: inactivate 1X chromosome
_______ _________- XX: inactivate paternally inherited X chromosome
______ _______- XY: double expression of genes on X chromosome
__________(C. elegans)- XX: cut expression of both X chromosomes by 1/2

A

placental mammals
marsupial mammals
fruit flies
nematodes

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15
Q
  • X chromosomes are randomly inactivated
  • inactivated X chromosome becomes Barr body
  • coat color is X-linked
A

Lyon Hypothesis: inactivation of X chromosome in female mammals.

16
Q

Mechanism of X inactivation in mammals:
X-inactivation center (XiC)
- located on __ ___________
-expression results in compaction of x chromosome into _______ ___
-XiC are _________
-if XiC are inactivated via mutation, both X chromosome are ________
lethal condition in female embryos

A

x chromosome
barr body
counted
expressed

17
Q

_______ gene controls bar body formation
-produces RNA that coats the X chromosome
RNA interacts with _________ that compact the chromosome

A

Xist

proteins

18
Q

______ gene helps prevent inactivation

-expressed by activated X chromosome

A

Tsix

19
Q
  • x chromosome controlling element
  • affects inactivation of x chromosome
  • mechanism not well understood
A

Xce region

20
Q

phases of X inactivation:
____________- x inactivation centers (Xics) are counted
____________- Xist is activated
___________- barr bodies maintained through mitotic cell divisions

A

initiation
spreading
maintenance

21
Q
  • occurs prior to fertilization
  • DNA is marked (mark is inherited, involved in identification of maternally and paternally inherited DNA, only one of the two alleles is expressed)
  • determines whether offspring express maternal of paternal inherited allele.
A

genomic imprinting

22
Q

genomic imprinting of mouse growth factor igf2

-only __________ inherited allele is expressed

A

paternally

23
Q

cellular level of imprinting during gametogenesis

A

establishment

24
Q

cellular level of imprinting during embryogenesis/mitosis

A

maintenance

25
Q

cellular level of imprinting in germ cells

A

erasure and reestablishment

26
Q

molecular level of imprinting
DNA methylation
-common manner of regulating __________ ______
-methyl group attached to __________

A

eukaryotic genes

cytosine

27
Q
  • located near an imprinted gene

- harbors differentially methylated domain (DNA that is methylated in either sperm of eggs, not both)

A

imprinting control region (ICR)

28
Q

DNA in organelles other than nucleus

  • mitochondria (mtDN)
  • chloroplasts (cpDNA)
A

extranuclear inheritance

29
Q
  • circular
  • subset of bacterial gene set
  • several homologous chromosomes per organlelle
  • genome size varies
A

organelle chromosomes

30
Q

organelles do not assort _____________ -non mendelian

A

independently

31
Q

often, but not always, organelles are inherited from the female parent

A

maternal inheritance

32
Q

two types of cp or mtDNA

A

heteroplasmy

33
Q

transmission of organelles:

  • typically maternal in ____________ (two types of gametes) species
  • _________ _________ (mitochondrial inheritance via sperm, rare)
A

heterogamous

paternal leakage

34
Q

Algae are weird: _______________

  • ____________ (mt+, mt-)
  • mtDNA inherited from _____
  • cpDNA inherited from _____
A

Chlamydomonas
homogamous
mt-
mt+

35
Q

power plant of cell

A

mitochondrion

36
Q

multiple types of mitochondrion

-some cells can get higher proportion of malfunctioning mitochondria than others

A

heteroplasmy

37
Q

inheritance of infectious particles and other cytoplasmic objects:

  • not just organelles can be passed from ______ to _______
  • kappa particles in _________ (have own DNA, encodes toxin)
  • CO2 sensitivity in ______ ______ (non-mendelian and cell extracts transmit disease)
A

parent to offspring
paramecia
fruit flies

38
Q
  • __________ important to coral survival

- inheriting __________ advantageous

A

Symbiodinium

Genetics exam #3 (8 decks)

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