Evolutionary genetics

Question 0

the theory of descent with modification through variation and natural selection
-based on observations from travel aboard the HMS Beagle (heavily influenced by pacific island flora and fauna) ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION

Answer 0

darwin’s evolution

Question 1

evolution is the change in allele freq over time

Answer 1

dobzhansky’s evolution

Question 2

-a heritable change in one or more characteristics of a pop or species from one generation to the next

Answer 2

brooker’s evolution

Question 3

the diff btween brooker’s micro and macro evolution is ______ and _________ __ __________ _________
-brooker also hinges evo on _____________

Answer 3

time
degree of phenotypic change
speciation

Question 4

group of individuals that potentially interbreed in nature
-problems (asexual organisms, ring species)
WHO??

Answer 4

biological species concept

Ernst Mayr

Question 5

other problems with biological species definition

Answer 5

hybrids & introgression
chronospecies
secondary contract

Question 6

each species is and independently evolving lineage ( a line of descent )

Answer 6

general lineage concept (deQuieroz)

Question 7

habitat isolation
temporal mating isolation
sexual isolation
mechanical mating isolation
gametic isolation

Answer 7

prezygotic isolation mechanisms

Question 8

hybrid inviability
hybrid sterility
hybrid breakdown

Answer 8

postzygotic isolation mech

Question 9

biogerography + cladogenesis =

Answer 9

allopatric speciation
parapatric speciation
sympatric speciation

Question 10

seq of events in evolutionary development

Answer 10

phylogeny

Question 11

diagram depicting a phylogeny

Answer 11

phylogenetic tree

Question 12

phylogenetic trees are based on _______

-having the same relation, common ancest.

Answer 12

homology

Question 13

study of features that are (or are not) shared

Answer 13

cladistics (Willi Henig)

Question 14

shared with distant ancestor

-arose longer ago

Answer 14

ancerstral characteristics

Question 15

• not shared with distant ancestors

- arose more recent

Answer 15

derived character

Question 16

molecular evolution 2 people?

DNA can be used to infer evolutionary relationships

Answer 16

Linus Pauling

Emile Zuckerkandl

Question 17

evolutionary reconstructions

• typically based upon the analysis of DNA from extant species
• molecular clock( base upon ________ ____, ________ _____ calculated from fossils, which isn’t necessary)

Answer 17

phylogenetic tree

mutation rates

Question 18

shared derived character

Answer 18

synapomorphy

Question 19

a distantly related organism

Answer 19

outgroup

Question 20

the monophyletic group in which we are interested

Answer 20

ingroup

Question 21

the ________ polarizes the tree

Answer 21

out group

Question 22

overall similarities/dissimilarities

Answer 22

phenetics

Question 23

phenetic method of constructing phylogenetic tree

Answer 23

find most similar pair (humans and chimps 145bp)
calculate the avg number of nucleotide substitutions per species
( 145bp/2 = 72.5bp)
calculate the % nucleotide diffs
(72.5bp * 100)/ 10,000 bp = 0.725%

Question 24

_________ _________ or cladistics, minimize the # of mutations required to make tree

Answer 24

maximum parsimony

Question 25

acted upon by natural selection

Answer 25

non-neutral mutations

Question 26

are free to drift (genetic drift)

Answer 26

neutral mutations

Question 27

who? neutral theory of evolution

Answer 27

Kimura

Question 28

for each protein, the rate of evolution is constant for neutral mutations

• less critical proteins and polypeptides evolve faster
• amino acid substitutions that do not substantially alter function of protein occur more freq

Answer 28

neutral theory of evolution

Question 29

gene duplicaton often precedes the emergence of gene with new functions

Answer 29

neutral theory

Question 30

elimination of ________ _________ and fixation of neutral mutations occur more freq than selection of __________ __________

Answer 30

deleterious mutations

advantageous mutants

Question 31

is neutral theory is true, then neutral mutations rates are __________
-________ are required to calibrate the clock

Answer 31

clockwise

fossils