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Genetics exam #3 > Developmental genetics > Flashcards

Developmental genetics Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
0
Q

cells become __________

-nerve cells, brain cells, blood, etc

A

specialized

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1
Q

most multicellular organisms starts as a ________ _____

A

single cell

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2
Q

what role do genes play in orchestrating….

A

the specialization of cells

and the development of the organism

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3
Q

name some model organisms

A

fruit flies, nematods, mouse, zebrafish, flowering plant

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4
Q

animal development
-____________ and __________ development
sex determination

A

invertabrate and vertebrate

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5
Q

multicellular development follows a

A

body pattern

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6
Q

body pattern= ___________

=spatial arrangement of body parts

A

blueprint

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7
Q

_____ __________underlies the body pattern

A

cell specialization

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8
Q

cell must receive ___________ info

A

positional

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9
Q

4 types of commands

A

divison, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis(death)

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10
Q

morphogens are the

A

messenger

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11
Q

convey positional info

-

A

divide, migrate, differentiate, die

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12
Q

con function as ___________ ________

-regulate the expression of many genes

A

transcription factors

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13
Q

effect of ___________ is concentrated dependent

A

morphogens

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14
Q

as cell division proceded, cells are produced with varying concentrations of

A

morphogens

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15
Q

morphogens continue to be produced as ___________ proceeds

A

development

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16
Q

the fate of cells is governed by their neighbors

A

induction

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17
Q

cell adhesion and ___ ___________ provide positional infor

A

CA molecules

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18
Q

the expression of segmentation genes causes the ________ to become subdivided into segments

A

embryo

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19
Q

__________ genes cause segments to become determined with regard to their future fate.

A

homeotic

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20
Q

later in development, gene control the cell __________ process, which causes body parts to form specific morphologies

A

differenetiation

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21
Q 
2 model species
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)-complex, but a convenient subject 
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)-very simple--1000 cells
A

invertebrate development

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22
Q 
oocyte- \_\_ hours
syncytial blastoderm \_\_
cellular blastoderm \_\_
gastrula \_\_\_
embryo \_\_
larva \_\_
A 
0
1.5
3
3.5
10
22
23
Q

adult=__ days

A

10

24
Q

maternal effect genes cause establishment of ______ _____

A

body axes

25
Q

maternal gene products (mRNA) deposited _____________ in oocyte

A

asymmetrically

26
Q

_______ mRNA initiates development of anterior structures

A

bicoid

27
Q

Bicoid transcribed by nurse cells, all nurse cells on one side of..

A

oocyte

28
Q

bicoid ________ is a transcription factor

A

protein

29
Q

initiates RNA transcription in several genes
-activity governed by _______________
bicoid initiates transcription of different genes in different parts of the embryo

A

bicoid protein is a transcription factor

30
Q

_______ mRNA initiates development of posterior structures

A

nanos

31
Q

regulates development of structures at ends of egg

A

receptor protein (torso)

32
Q

receptor protein (toll) regulates development of

A

dorsoventral

33
Q

activated by maternal effect genes, divide embryo into regions

A

gap genes

34
Q

activated by gap genes, defines boundaries or parasegments

A

pair rule genes

35
Q

activated by pair rule genes, divides each parasegment

A

segment polarity genes

36
Q

ultimate morphological features that a cell adopts

A

cell fate

37
Q

genes that control body part formation

A

homeotic genes

38
Q

one body part replaced by another

A

homeotic mutations

39
Q

orientation on chromosome correlates with orientation on ______

A

body

40
Q

gap, pair rule, and other homeotic genes regulated involved in

A

homeotic gene regulation

41
Q

___________ genes repress the expression of homeotic genes in certain locations

A

polycomb

42
Q

_________ genes help maintain gene expression in other regions

A

Trithorax

43
Q

all homeotic genes have a 180bp DNA fragment in _______ called homeobox(protein call homeodomain which binds to major groove of alpha helix)

A

common

44
Q

homeotic genes regulate

A

expression

45
Q

homeotic genes also have a transcriptional ___________ ________
-gene activation

A

activation domain

46
Q

activated genes may affect

A

morphology

47
Q

molecular understanding builds upon __________ work

A

invertebrate

48
Q

homologous genes in different species are called

A

orthologs

49
Q

developmentally important genes in invertebrates often have ____________ genes in vertebrates

A

orthologous

50
Q

adjacent homeotic genes

-more _____ _______,more complex body plans

A

hox complex

hox genes

51
Q

chromosomal order of hox genes reflects pattern of expression, _________- __________

A

anterior - posterior

52
Q

very few hox _________ naturally

A

mutants

53
Q

gene ___________ being used to test effects of different hox genes

A

knockout

54
Q

position of __________ gene expression related to # of neck vetebrates

A

HoxC-6

55
Q

when a cell is destined to become a particular type

A

determination

56
Q

after ____________, the cells morphology and function changes
due to ___________ gene expression

A

differentiation
determination
differential

Genetics exam #3 (8 decks)

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