Developmental genetics

Question 0

cells become __________

-nerve cells, brain cells, blood, etc

Answer 0

specialized

Question 1

most multicellular organisms starts as a ________ _____

Answer 1

single cell

Question 2

what role do genes play in orchestrating….

Answer 2

the specialization of cells

and the development of the organism

Question 3

name some model organisms

Answer 3

fruit flies, nematods, mouse, zebrafish, flowering plant

Question 4

animal development
-____________ and __________ development
sex determination

Answer 4

invertabrate and vertebrate

Question 5

multicellular development follows a

Answer 5

body pattern

Question 6

body pattern= ___________

=spatial arrangement of body parts

Answer 6

blueprint

Question 7

_____ __________underlies the body pattern

Answer 7

cell specialization

Question 8

cell must receive ___________ info

Answer 8

positional

Question 9

4 types of commands

Answer 9

divison, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis(death)

Question 10

morphogens are the

Answer 10

messenger

Question 11

convey positional info

-

Answer 11

divide, migrate, differentiate, die

Question 12

con function as ___________ ________

-regulate the expression of many genes

Answer 12

transcription factors

Question 13

effect of ___________ is concentrated dependent

Answer 13

morphogens

Question 14

as cell division proceded, cells are produced with varying concentrations of

Answer 14

morphogens

Question 15

morphogens continue to be produced as ___________ proceeds

Answer 15

development

Question 16

the fate of cells is governed by their neighbors

Answer 16

induction

Question 17

cell adhesion and ___ ___________ provide positional infor

Answer 17

CA molecules

Question 18

the expression of segmentation genes causes the ________ to become subdivided into segments

Answer 18

embryo

Question 19

__________ genes cause segments to become determined with regard to their future fate.

Answer 19

homeotic

Question 20

later in development, gene control the cell __________ process, which causes body parts to form specific morphologies

Answer 20

differenetiation

Question 21

2 model species
Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly)-complex, but a convenient subject 
Caenorhabditis elegans (nematode)-very simple--1000 cells

Answer 21

invertebrate development

Question 22

oocyte- \_\_ hours
syncytial blastoderm \_\_
cellular blastoderm \_\_
gastrula \_\_\_
embryo \_\_
larva \_\_

Answer 22

0
1.5
3
3.5
10
22

Question 23

adult=__ days

Answer 23

10

Question 24

maternal effect genes cause establishment of ______ _____

Answer 24

body axes

Question 25

maternal gene products (mRNA) deposited _____________ in oocyte

Answer 25

asymmetrically

Question 26

_______ mRNA initiates development of anterior structures

Answer 26

bicoid

Question 27

Bicoid transcribed by nurse cells, all nurse cells on one side of..

Answer 27

oocyte

Question 28

bicoid ________ is a transcription factor

Answer 28

protein

Question 29

initiates RNA transcription in several genes -activity governed by _______________ bicoid initiates transcription of different genes in different parts of the embryo

Answer 29

bicoid protein is a transcription factor

Question 30

_______ mRNA initiates development of posterior structures

Answer 30

nanos

Question 31

regulates development of structures at ends of egg

Answer 31

receptor protein (torso)

Question 32

receptor protein (toll) regulates development of

Answer 32

dorsoventral

Question 33

activated by maternal effect genes, divide embryo into regions

Answer 33

gap genes

Question 34

activated by gap genes, defines boundaries or parasegments

Answer 34

pair rule genes

Question 35

activated by pair rule genes, divides each parasegment

Answer 35

segment polarity genes

Question 36

ultimate morphological features that a cell adopts

Answer 36

cell fate

Question 37

genes that control body part formation

Answer 37

homeotic genes

Question 38

one body part replaced by another

Answer 38

homeotic mutations

Question 39

orientation on chromosome correlates with orientation on ______

Answer 39

body

Question 40

gap, pair rule, and other homeotic genes regulated involved in

Answer 40

homeotic gene regulation

Question 41

___________ genes repress the expression of homeotic genes in certain locations

Answer 41

polycomb

Question 42

_________ genes help maintain gene expression in other regions

Answer 42

Trithorax

Question 43

all homeotic genes have a 180bp DNA fragment in _______ called homeobox(protein call homeodomain which binds to major groove of alpha helix)

Answer 43

common

Question 44

homeotic genes regulate

Answer 44

expression

Question 45

homeotic genes also have a transcriptional ___________ ________ -gene activation

Answer 45

activation domain

Question 46

activated genes may affect

Answer 46

morphology

Question 47

molecular understanding builds upon __________ work

Answer 47

invertebrate

Question 48

homologous genes in different species are called

Answer 48

orthologs

Question 49

developmentally important genes in invertebrates often have ____________ genes in vertebrates

Answer 49

orthologous

Question 50

adjacent homeotic genes | -more _____ _______,more complex body plans

Answer 50

hox complex | hox genes

Question 51

chromosomal order of hox genes reflects pattern of expression, _________- __________

Answer 51

anterior - posterior

Question 52

very few hox _________ naturally

Answer 52

mutants

Question 53

gene ___________ being used to test effects of different hox genes

Answer 53

knockout

Question 54

position of __________ gene expression related to # of neck vetebrates

Answer 54

HoxC-6

Question 55

when a cell is destined to become a particular type

Answer 55

determination

Question 56

after ____________, the cells morphology and function changes due to ___________ gene expression

Answer 56

differentiation determination differential