non mendelian genetics Flashcards
when one allele is not completely dominant over another
incomplete dominance
the heterozygous genotype is a blending of the 2 homozygous phenotypes
ex: RR : red + WW : white = RW : pink
instead of using lowercase letter for recessive, the letter will be both capital because neither trait dominates the other
incomplete dominance
two alleles are both expressed as a dominant phenotype
(both traits are present in appearance)
codominance
codominance, more than two choices of alleles are present for a trait
ex: blood type has 3 alleles - ABO
multiple alleles
different blood groups
have A antigens on rbc surface and B antibodies in blood plasma
blood group A
(I^A I^A) (I^A i)
different blood groups
have B antigens on rbc surface and A antibodies in blood plasma
blood group B
(I^B I^B) (I^B i)
different blood groups
have both A and B antigens on rbc surface and no antibodies in blood plasma
blood group AB
(I^A I^B)
different blood groups
have no antigens on rbc surface and have both A and B antibodies in blood plasma
blood group O
(i i)
- universal blood donor =
- universal blood reciever/reciepient =
- Blood group O
- Blood group AB
humans have (?) pairs of chromosomes
23
22 pairs of chromosomes are called (?)
autosomes
the 23rd pair of chromosomes are the (?)
sex chromosomes
XX =
XY =
- female
- male
the X chromosome is typically longer, since it bears lots of genes not found on Y chromosome, most sex-linked genes are (?)
x-linked genes
a person is a carrier for a trait if they have it in their genes, but the trait does not reflect on their phenotype
a trait is in their genes but they dont have it. it can be passed on to the next generation
sex-linked inheritance
give the phenotypes of the following:
Xᴿ Xʳ -
Xᴿ Y -
Xʳ Xʳ -
Xᴿ Xᴿ -
Xʳ Y -
(r - white eyed ; R -red eyed)
- red eyed female carrier
- red eyed male
- white eyed female
- red eyed female
- white eyed male
give the genotypes of the following
- white eyed male
- red eyed female carrier
- white eyed female
- red eyed male
- Xʳ Y
- Xᴿ Xʳ
- Xʳ Xʳ
- Xᴿ Y
the genes are not on a sex chromosome, but biological sex affects the phenotype or the expression of the trait
dominant in one sex, but recessive in the other, difference in expression due to hormonal difference
sex-influenced trait
Found on any chromosome, but how they show up can depend on being male or female.
involves autosomal traits that are expressed only in either males of females
usually due to anatomical or physiological limitations
Present in both sexes genetically, but only expressed in one
sex limited traits
ability to produce milk (lactation)
sex limited trait
because only females have breasts/mammary gland
susceptibility of prostate cancer
sex limited traits
limited to men because only males have a prostate gland
illustration to show genetic history of a family
pedigree chart
used to deduce the patterns of inheritance of genetic diseases
pedigree chart
pedigree chart
females are represented by -
males are represented by -
- circles
- squares
pedigree chart
a horizontal line connecting to the shapes indicates
□-⭘
those who are married
pedigree chart
vertical lines indicate the
□-⭘
|
⭘
children
pedigree chart
filled square or circles inidcate (?)
while the dots represent (?)
⨀⊡ ■ ●
- individuals known to be affected by a trait
- the carriers
