Non-Infectious Disease and Disorders Flashcards
What is Homeostasis
the process by which the body maintains a constant internal environment
The importance of homeostasis
bring about optimal metabolic efficiency - chemical reactions within cells must occur efficiently and be effectively coordinated -> through enzymes - sensitive to changes -> internal conditions must maintained at a level that allows the optimal functioning of enzymes
negative feedback loop temperature (cold)
stimulus - decrease body temp
receptor - Hypothalamus
control centre - hypothalamus activates heating system
effector - blood vessels, muscles, cells, hair erector cells
responses - Above
negative feedback loop temperature (hot)
stimulus - Increase body temp
receptor - Hypothalamus
control centre - hypothalamus activates cooling mechanism
effector - blood vessels, sweat glands, cells
responses - Above
Negative feedback loop: Glucose levels rise
Stimulus: blood glucose levels rise
Receptor: Beta cells in pancreas detect high BGL
Control Centre: Pancreas
Effector: Pancreas
Response: Insulin is released by pancreas to increase glucose uptake by cells
Negative feedback loop: Glucose levels fall
Stimulus: BGL falls below 90mg/ 100mL Receptor: Alpha cells in pancreas detect low BGL. Control Centre: Pancreas Effector: Liver Response: Liver cells release glucose
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation is the internal regulation of an animal’s body temperature
Endotherms
Warm-blooded, e.g. humans
Ectotherms
Cold-blooded, e.g. lizards bathe in sun to warm up
Osmoregulation in Plants
the process of maintaining salt and water balance (osmotic balance) across membranes within the body
without it water and salts can lose or gain too much water or salts by osmosis.
Dry Environments adaptions - plants
Close Stomata when necessary
Waxy Cuticle
Vacuoles
Wet Environments plant adaptions
Increased Stomata
Large and Flat Leaves
Salty Environments plant adaptions
Salt exclusion
Salt Excretion
Salt Accumulation
Internal coordination systems
Nervous and endocrine systems are internal systems that work together that homeostasis is maintained. They coordinate and provide pathways of communication for negative feedback systems that operate to maintain homeostasis.
Receptors
responsible for detecting stimuli, any changes from set point, that are outside tolerance limits. They contain sensory cells and can take numerous forms depending on stimuli. They are concentrated in particular areas, forming sense organs such as eye, ear, tongue
The nervous system
Neural pathways by which messages travel in the body are provided by the nervous system. There are two main parts:
central nervous system - composed of brain and spinal cord
peripheral nervous system. - comprises all other nerves throughout the body that aren’t part of the CNS.
Case-control studies
Compare people with disease to people without to look for difference
They analyse differences in these two groups to eventually identify the cause of the disease, as well as lifestyle practices
Cohort studies
Involves studying two or more similar groups of people who are free of the disease
The groups are separated on one factor: 1 group is exposed to the possible cause of the disease and other group is not.
These groups are followed over a long period of time.
How Data is Collected in an Epidemiological Study
Diagnostic stage: where the presence of the disease is confirmed.
Descriptive stage: where the population at risk and distribution of the disease is described.
Investigative stage: where studies are implemented to investigate whether the evidence supports a hypothesis about the disease.
Experimental stage: where experiments are performed under controlled conditions to test the hypothesis.
Analytical stage: where the results are analysed.
Decision-making stage: where the knowledge gained in the previous phases is used to develop health programs or services, or direct further research.
Limits on the Study of Epidemiology
Epidemiology fails to:
Provide a holistic view of health, as it primarily focuses on physical health.
Explain sociocultural factors that contribute to negative health behaviours.
Explain why health inequalities exist between different groups.
Errors in epidemiological studies
Random errors
Systematic errors/bias
How can non-infectious diseases be prevented?
Educational programs and campaigns
Lung Cancer Program - QUIT:
genetic engineering
Treatments for Hearing Loss
Hearing Aids = are a battery-operated electronic device that fits into the hollow outside the ear canal
—– works by amplifying sound waves within the ear canal; that is, by making them louder
Bone Conduction Implants = work by creating sound vibrations, that are conducted directly to the cochlea
—– Used for treating conductive hearing loss (damage to the outer and middle ear)
Cochlear Implants = are used by people with profound hearing loss; that is, by people with profound damage to any region of the ear
Treatment for visual disorders
glasses
contacts
Laser eye sugery
