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Biology HSC > Heredity > Flashcards

Heredity Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Sexual Reproduction

A

Reproduction involving two parents, who produce offspring that contain a mix of the parent’s genes and therefore differ from each other and from the parents.

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2
Q

Asexual Reproduction

A

reproduction involving only one parent and no sex cells or gametes, resulting in offspring that are genetically identical to each other and to the parent.

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3
Q

Disadvantages of Sexual Reproduction

A

Time and energy

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4
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

genetic diversity

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5
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

Efficient

Population is able to increase in size very quickly

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6
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

low genetic diversity - higher vulnerability to change

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7
Q

Germination (plants)

A

seed lands in suitable soil that provides sufficient water, oxygen, and warmth, the embryo begins to grow,

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8
Q

Budding (asexual in organisms)

A

An adult organism gives rise to a small bud, which separates from the parent and grows into a new individual.

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9
Q

Binary fission (asexual)

A

A newly divided cell grows to twice its size, replicates its genetic material and then splits into two cells with identical genetic material

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10
Q

Spores (asexual)

A

unicellular reproductive cells that are produced in great numbers by organisms such as fungi and some plants

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11
Q

Fertilisation (sexual)

A

Sperm are attracted to the egg by rheotaxis for internal fertilisation.

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12
Q

External fertilisation - advantages

A 
Can have lots at once
can keep reproducing without pausing
Can give more variation as there's millions of gametes
Suited for an aquatic environment
Less time and energy from parent
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13
Q

External fertilisation - disadvantages

A

Chances of gametes meeting are less because they could be in different areas (current moving things in wrong direction).
Exposed to predation, infection - less likely offspring to survive.
No parental care

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14
Q

Internal Fertilisation - advantages

A

Increased likelihood of fertilisation because they are being fertilised in a small space (Vagina).
Baby is inside the stomach - will be free from external disease such as covid-19 leading to higher survival rate.
Fewer eggs need - important for conserving energy

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15
Q

internal Fertilisation - disadvantages

A

produce less offspring = less likely chance of species surviving.
Less variation compared to external

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16
Q

Hormones involved in mammalian reproduction

3

A
  1. Androgens- male hormones, control development and functioning of male sex organs and secondary sex characteristics.
  2. Oestrogens- main group of female hormones. Control the development and functioning of the female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics.
  3. Progestogens- a second group of female hormones. Progesterone is the most common progestogen and it plays a primary role in pregnancy.
17
Q

Hormonal control of the female reproductive cycle

3 steps

A

Endocrine glands regulate and control the ovarian and menstrual cycles, coordinating them to ensure fertility → increase in probability of successful reproduction → continuity of species.

18
Q

Hormonal Control of the male reproductive cycle

1 step, 3 glands

A

Spermatogenesis is controlled by hormones → involves interaction of three glands: hypothalamus in the brain, pituitary gland at the base of the brain and Leydig cells in testes.

19
Q

Mitosis

A

cell division resulting in two identical daughter cells, with the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent cell

20
Q

Meiosis

A

cell division resulting in four daughter cells (gametes), each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell

21
Q

The role and importance of mitosis

A

Growth of multicellular organisms
Repair of damaged tissue and replacement of worn-out cells
Asexual reproduction
Genetic stability

22
Q

The role and importance of meiosis

A

ensure that each parent contributes only half of his or her chromosomes to the new offspring
ensures that the chromosomes number of each species is maintained (not doubled) during sexual reproduction

23
Q

why does DNA need to replicate exactly?

A

allows it to function properly, to its physical features and body size.
so that each resulting daughter cell ends up with its own complete genome.

24
Q

three ways prokaryotic and eukaryotic DNA are SIMILAR:

A

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes package their DNA molecules with protein in structures called chromosomes

Prokaryotic DNA gene sequences can code for multiple proteins, as well as some Eukaryotic DNA

DNA is double-stranded in both Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic DNA

25
Q

transcription - Process of polypeptide synthesis

A

genetic information is transferred from a double helical DNA to a single stranded mRNA.
(scripting the bonds to the ribosomes)

26
Q

translation Process of polypeptide synthesis

A

“decoding” a messenger RNA (mRNA) and using its information to build a polypeptide, or chain of amino acids.

27
Q

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

A

Serves as an intermediate molecule, carrying information from DNA in the nucleus to ribosomes in the cytoplasm

28
Q

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

A

Specific sequence of three bases at anticodon end determines which amino acid will be made

29
Q

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

A

Forms structural part of ribosomes

30
Q

importance of polypeptide synthesis

A

the building blocks of proteins, which are essential to cell function

31
Q

Gene expression and phenotype

A

the expression of genes in an observable way, is an obvious and measurable trait.

32
Q

Chemical structure of protiens

A

Proteins contain chemical elements carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur. These elements combine to form amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins.

33
Q

Physical structure of protiens

primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary.

A

primary - chain of amino acids
secondary - amino acids fold into repeating pattern
tertiary - 3-dimensional folding of pattern
quaternary - protein consisting of more then 1 amino acid chain

34
Q

Autosomal - Inheritance Pattern

A

One trait is dominant & one trait is recessive

35
Q

Sex-linked (X)- inheritance

A

Trait only carried on X & not the Y chromosome

36
Q

Codominance - inheritance

A

Both traits are expressed at the same time.

37
Q

Incomplete dom - inheritance

A

Traits are blended when they receive two alleles

38
Q

Multiple Alleles - inheritance

A

More than 2 alleles are involved.

Biology HSC (5 decks)

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