definitions

Question 1

Sexual reproduction

Answer 1

Genetic information comes from two sexes, and gametes must meet and fuse

Question 2

Asexual reproduction

Answer 2

Doesn’t require an egg and sperm (gametes) to meet, and usually comes from one organism

Question 3

Gamete

Answer 3

Gametes are cells which can give rise to a new organism when they meet with a gamete of the opposite gender.

Question 4

External fertilisation

Answer 4

Egg and sperm meet outside the female body

Question 5

Internal fertilisation

Answer 5

Egg and sperm meet inside the female body

Question 6

Binary fission

Answer 6

Type of asexual reproduction where bacteria ‘split’ in half, each half becomes a new daughter cell

Question 7

Budding

Answer 7

Type of yeast asexual reproduction where cells grow bigger until a little ‘bud’ forms on the mother cell. This bud grows bigger until it is big enough to break off.

Question 8

Mitosis

Answer 8

the process by which a cell replicates its chromosomes and then segregates them, producing two identical nuclei in preparation for cell division.

Question 9

Meiosis

Answer 9

Meiosis is a process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information.

Question 10

DNA replication

Answer 10

Making new copies of DNA so new cells can have a copy

Question 11

Transcription

Answer 11

The process of copying information encoded in DNA into a ‘photocopy’ or RNA so the ribosome can read it

Question 12

Translation

Answer 12

Ribosome ‘reading’ the mRNA which tells it to recruit certain amino acids. Results in a polypeptide chain

Question 13

Polypeptides

Answer 13

Polypeptides are short proteins made up of chains of amino acids

Question 14

Chromosome

Answer 14

a long DNA molecule with part or all of the genetic material of an organism.

Question 15

Gene

Answer 15

A gene codes for a particular characteristic. A gene is a section of our DNA molecule

Question 16

Allele

Answer 16

Allele is a form of a gene. For each gene, we have two alleles - one from mum and one from dad

Question 17

Phenotype

Answer 17

This is the physical characteristic of a genotype

Question 18

Genotype

Answer 18

the genetic makeup of an organism

Question 19

Homozygous genotypes

Answer 19

Genotypes where the two alleles are the same

Question 20

Heterozygous genotypes

Answer 20

Genotypes where the two alleles are different

Question 21

Simple dominance

Answer 21

Where one allele is completely dominant over the other (the recessive allele)

Question 22

Monohybrid cross

Answer 22

A Medelian cross where the two individuals have the same genotype

Question 23

Co-dominance

Answer 23

Where two or more alleles have equal dominance (which gives rise to a third outcome)

Question 24

Sex-linked genes

Answer 24

to characteristics (or traits) that are influenced by genes carried on the sex chromosomes.

Question 25

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Answer 25

A common genetic variation that occurs in >1% of the population

Question 26

DNA sequencing

Answer 26

Finding out what the sequence of DNA is

Question 27

Mutagen

Answer 27

Anything causing mutations

Question 28

Mutation

Answer 28

A change in DNA sequence

Question 29

Genetic flow/gene mutation

Answer 29

Introducing genes of one population into another by breeding between two populations

Question 30

Genetic diversity

Answer 30

total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species

Question 31

Biotechnology

Answer 31

the use of biological processes for a purpose, especially the genetic manipulation of microorganisms for the production of antibiotics, hormones, etc.

Question 32

Artificial insemination

Answer 32

Taking semen from a male animal and inserting it into a female uterus

Question 33

Cloning

Answer 33

Creating a genetically identical copy of an organism

Question 34

Transgenic organisms

Answer 34

Species that are the result of genetic modification

Question 35

Pathogen

Answer 35

A foreign body that can cause disease

Question 36

Antigen

Answer 36

Molecules made of protein that trigger the immune response when they detect infectious pathogens

Question 37

Antibody

Answer 37

Made by plasma cells which specifically target a pathogen by binding to it

Question 38

Epidemic

Answer 38

An infectious disease spreading across a wide range

Question 39

Innate immune system

Answer 39

the first response of the body's immune system to a harmful foreign substance

Question 40

Adaptive immune system

Answer 40

Made up of T cells and B cells and can eliminate or prevent the growth of pathogens

Question 41

Cytokines

Answer 41

Proteins that immune cells use to communicate with each other

Question 42

Cell differentiation

Answer 42

How cells become specialised for their different functions. They all start off exactly the same

Question 43

Quarantine

Answer 43

a restriction on the movement of people, animals and goods which is intended to prevent the spread of disease or pests.

Question 44

Passive immunity

Answer 44

Injection of someone else’s antibodies

Question 45

Active immunity

Answer 45

Making your own antibodies in response to the presence of an antigen

Question 46

Homeostasis

Answer 46

the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems.

Question 47

Enzymes

Answer 47

proteins that help speed up metabolism, or the chemical reactions in our bodies.

Question 48

Substrates

Answer 48

Molecules part of a chemical reaction which react together to form the products

Question 49

Optimal

Answer 49

Best for efficiency of a reaction

Question 50

Endotherm organisms

Answer 50

Organisms which control their own body temperature, independently of the outside environment

Question 51

Ectotherm

Answer 51

Organisms which do not control their own body temperature, and rely on the outside environment

Question 52

Adaptive advantage

Answer 52

An advantage of a particular characteristic which helps the organism to adapt to the environment, according to the theory of evolution by natural selection

Question 53

Hormones

Answer 53

Chemicals which are used to control organs in the body

Question 54

Disease

Answer 54

Disturbance in normal structure and function caused by something outside the body

Question 55

Disorder

Answer 55

Disturbance in normal body structure and function caused by something inside the body

Question 56

Cancer

Answer 56

Uncontrolled growth of cells

Question 57

Incidence

Answer 57

How many new cases of this disease in x time?

Question 58

Prevalence

Answer 58

How many people have had this disease in x time?

Question 59

Mortality

Answer 59

Number of deaths in a given time or location

Question 60

Epidemiology

Answer 60

The study of how a disease occurs and spreads and where it is most prevalent

Question 61

Genetic engineering

Answer 61

Changing the characteristics of an organism by changing its genes