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Biology HSC > Infectious Disease > Flashcards

Infectious Disease Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Pathogen

A

are any organism which is capable of causing disease

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2
Q

Microorganism

A

is a microscopic organism, which may exist in its single-celled form or a colony of cells.

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3
Q

Macroorganism:

A

is an organism large enough to be seen by the normal unaided human eye

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4
Q

Non-cellular pathogen

A

Not living. This is because viruses, Viroids and prions can not replicate outside of a host cell and thus don’t meet the requirements for ‘living’.

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5
Q

prion

A

Non-cellular infectious proteins, which are abnormally folded versions of a protein needed within an organism

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6
Q

virus

A

Non-cellular entities, consisting of a single type of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA - mechanisms used to attack)

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7
Q

bacteria

A

Prokaryotic, unicellular organisms, which dont have membrane bound organelles and are each made of one cell

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8
Q

fungi

A

eukaryotic , unicellular non-photosynthetic organisms with a cell wall

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9
Q

protozoan

A

Eukaryotic unicellular organisms

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10
Q

macroparasite

A

Eukaryotic, Multicellular pathogen which can be seen with the naked eye

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11
Q

epidemic

A

The rapid spread of disease to a large number of people in a given population within a short period of time

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12
Q

pandemic

A

a widespread occurrence of an infectious disease over a whole country or the world at a particular time

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13
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Direct

A

when there is physical contact between the host and a non-infected organism

  • skin to skin
  • bodly fluids
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14
Q

MODE OF TRANSMISSION

Indirect

A

when the host and another organism have no direct contact with each other

  • airborne
  • food and drinks
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15
Q

Vector Transmission

A

occurs when a living organism carries an infectious agent on its body (mechanical) or as an infection host itself (biological), to a new host.
- insect bites

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16
Q

Robert Koch

A

Showed bacteria were the cause of the disease anthrax

Developed postulates which were four rules of procedure for showing that a particular pathogen caused a disease

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17
Q

Koch’s postulates

4

A

(1) The microorganism must be found in diseased but not healthy individuals;
(2) The microorganism must be cultured from the diseased individual
(3) Inoculation of a healthy individual with the cultured microorganism must recapitulate the disease
(4) The microorganism must be re-isolated from the inoculated, diseased individual and matched to the original microorganism.

18
Q

Pasteur

A

Discovered microbes can cause contamination and disease

Discovered microbes were responsible for the souring of alcohol

Work led to the development of vaccinations for anthrax and rabies

19
Q

Fire blight

cause, effect, impact

A

cause: by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora

Effect: Infection results in tissue death and bacterial ooze droplets on infected tissue

Imapct: All apple and pear growing areas in Australia are considered high risk areas for fire blight.

20
Q

Foot and mouth disease

cause, effect, impact

A

Cause: The foot and mouth disease virus (FMDV)

Effect: fever and blisters in the mouth and hooves of cattle, sheep, goats, and pigs (and other cloven-hoofed animals).
-> severe production losses

Impact: caused more than $AUD 19 billion in export losses.

21
Q

Malaria

A

caused by 4 protozoan parasitic species of the genus Plasmodium

500K deaths annually from malaria

22
Q

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)

A

weakens the immune system and causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

23
Q

Fungal disease signs (plants)

A

Leaf rust (common leaf rust in corn)
Stem rust (wheat stem rust)
Sclerotinia (white mold)
Powdery mildew

24
Q

Plant Adaptions

A

Waxy cuticle coating the leaf

Production of toxic chemicals

thick cell walls

small stomata

25
Q

PHYSICAL RESPONSES TO INFECTION

Granuloma

A

is a wall of dead cells formed by the immune cells to separate a pathogen from body tissues

26
Q

PHYSICAL RESPONSES TO INFECTION

Vomiting and diarrhoea

A

a reflex action coordinated by the vomiting centre (chemoreceptor trigger zone) of the brain.

27
Q

PHYSICAL RESPONSES TO INFECTION

Increased Urination

A

help flush out pathogens

28
Q

PHYSICAL RESPONSES TO INFECTION

Wound healing

A

When there is a breach in the body’s barriers, ther tissues are exposed to environmental pathogens and the microbiome of the skin

29
Q

CHEMICAL DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

Urine

A

Antimicrobial peptides secreted by cell lining to prevent binding of bacteria

30
Q

CHEMICAL DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

Sweat and sebum

A

Sebum - waterproof + Lubricates skin

31
Q

CHEMICAL DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

Saliva

A

flushing action against microbes + chemical activity

32
Q

CHEMICAL DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

Tears

A

wipe out bacteria

33
Q

CHEMICAL DEFENCES AGAINST INFECTION.

Gastric Secretions

A

acid environment in the stomach - discourages growth and survival of microbes

34
Q

innate immune system provides a first and second line of *defense against pathogens, through means such as

A

physical* barriers (eg skin)

body *fluids (eg tears, mucus)

Cellular *responses (eg phagocytosis)

biochemical responses (eg complement activation)

35
Q

adaptive immune response

A

The cells responsible for generating the adaptive immune response are known as B and T lymphocytes

  • B cells develop into plasma cells, which produce antibodies (also called immunoglobulins) against the pathogen.
  • T cells transform into cytotoxic T (killer T cells) and seek out infected body cells, binding to them and destroying them aka cell-mediated response.
  • secondary immune response comes about because of the existence of memory T and B cells that were produced in the first infection with the pathogen
36
Q

Inflammation response (first response)

A

When tissues around a wound become red, hot, swollen and painful.
- > increases blood flow at injury - deliver white blood cells to the site

37
Q

Fever (responce)

A

The increase in temperature can damage the enzymes in bacteria or the RNA in viruses

can also increase the efficiency of the body’s defence mechanisms

38
Q

Phagocytosis (responce)

A

The process by which one cell engulf another

39
Q

Interferons

A

A group of signaling proteins released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses.

40
Q

Antibodies

A

Destruction of antigen

Proteins that are made in response to a specific antigen

Produced by plasma cells

The function is to bind with the antigen to form an antibody-antigen complex.

41
Q

T cells

A

Cytotoxic cells attack body cells that are infected with pathogens

Four types of cells: 
helper -  interact with phagocytes
memory - provide long-term immunity
cytotoxic (killer) -
suppressor - turn off the immune
42
Q

B cells

A

Function in controlling antibody-mediated immunity

Two types of cells:
plasma - release antibodies into the blood
memory - provide long-term immunity

Biology HSC (5 decks)

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