non fatal offences assault and battery Flashcards
name the 2 common law offences
assault
battery
what are assault and battery charged under
s.39 criminal justice act 1988
what is the maximum punishment for assault and battery
6 months
£5,000 fine
or both
what can assault also be referred to
common assault
is there touching in assault
no - majority of the time
can assault be done through an omission + case
no
fagan
what the definition of assault
any act by which one person intentionally or recklessly causes another to suffer or apprehend immediate unlawful violence
what are the two actus reus for assault
an act
which causes the v to apprehend the infliction of immediate unlawful violence
in assault give examples of what an act could be
sending letters- R v constanza
silent phone calls- R v ireland
spitting- R v misalati
what is apprehension and give a case example
v must believe that immediate unlawful force is about to be used against them
r v lamb
what does immediate mean and give a case example
imminent not instantaneous but in the near future
r v Ireland
what does unlawful mean
eg no consent, self defence, lawful ect
what does force mean
fear of any unwanted touching
how can words negate assault
if words are used which qualify what is said then there may be no assault
tuberville v savage
when can words not negate assault
is the d tells the v they will be hurt if they don’t stop doing something lawful