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Micro > non-diarrheal non-invasive parasitic infestations: flatworms/cestodes > Flashcards

non-diarrheal non-invasive parasitic infestations: flatworms/cestodes Flashcards

1
Q

tapeworm spp.

A

Taenia saginata, T. solium
Diphyllobothrium datum
Hymenolepis nana

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2
Q

tapeworms are ??

A 
long, segmented worms:
head- scolex
neck
segmented body: proglottids
entire "tape: strobila
*monoecious, of Cestoda class*
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3
Q

Cestoda class

A

Tenia, Diphyllobothrium, Hymenolepis, Dipylidium, Echinococcus, Spirometra

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4
Q

tapeworm larvae attach via the ?? in the ?? and dev. into adult worms

require 1 or more ??

A

scolex (head)
small intestine

intermediate hosts

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5
Q

tapeworm infection typ. transmitted how??

how so??

A

fecal-oral or ingestion of contaminated, undercooked meat

eggs pooped from host–>into environ.–>eaten by interned. host–>hatch and larvae enter host tissue and encyst–>then primary host eats the intermediate host meat and gets the cyst

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6
Q

humans are the primary host for ??

thus ??? necessary to sustain life cycle

A

Taenia, Diphyllobothrium, Hymenolepis, Spirometra

human fecal contamination of the environment

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7
Q

?? only cestodes for which humans can function as both primary and intermediate host,
therefore ??? is possible

A

Hymenolepis spp. and Taenia solium

autoinoculation

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8
Q

in ??? cestode spp, humans function as intermediate hosts

?? exist within tissue and migrate thru diff organ systems

A

Echinococcus spp., Spirometra spp., Taenia multiceps

larvae

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9
Q

Taenia solium hosts

A

primary: humans (stays in gut)
intermediate: pigs, humans*, dogs, cats, sheep (can go anywhere)

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10
Q

Taenia saginata hosts

A

primary: humans
intermediate: cattle

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11
Q

Diphyllobothrium hosts

A

primary: humans
intermediate: fish

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12
Q

Hymenolepis hosts

A

primary: humans
intermediate: H. nana has none (autoinoculation: fecal-oral)
H. diminuta- rodents

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13
Q

D. caninum hosts

A

primary: humans, dogs, cats
intermediate: fleas on dogs/cats

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14
Q

Echinococcus hosts

A

primary: dogs
intermediate: humans, sheep, cattle, goats, horses, camel

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15
Q

Spirometra hosts

A

primary: humans

- I believe humans function as intermediate host as well

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16
Q

Taenia multiceps hosts

A

primary: humans?
intermediate: hares, rabbits, squirrels, humans (rarely)

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17
Q

many cestode infestations are ?? and depend on ??

A

asymptomatic, worm burden

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18
Q

beef tapeworm ??
pork tapeworm ??

acquired how?

A

T. saginata
T. solium

ingestion of cysticerci larvae in improperly cooked meat

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19
Q

T. sag and T. sol larvae are released when ?? and attaches to ?? via ??

adult worm may be how long ??

A

during digestion, attaches sm. intestine via the scolex

may be 5-8 meters! T. sag>T. sol

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20
Q

as Taenia proglottids filled with eggs grows, they break off and migrate thru the ??

A

large intestine, rectum, anus–>exterior

T. saginata may be pooped out or exit by themselves

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21
Q

the cycle continues if…

?? are released during digestion and hatch into ?? in the sm. intestine then ??

A

proglottid is eaten by animals
eggs, larvae
then actively penetrate sm. intestine of pig/cow and migrate via blood to all organs, may be eaten by humans

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22
Q

cysticercosis happens when humans eat ??? of what cestode??
therefore transmission via ??

the ?? then penetrate the intestinal wall (like in intermed. host) and encyst in host tissue such as ??

A

ova of T. solum rather than larval form

fecal contam. of food, water and poor personal hygiene (auto infection) -NOT eating meat

larvae
CNS, muscle, eye
*much more serious than tapeworm infestation!

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23
Q

D. latum (fish tapeworm) cycle

eggs must ??

fish ingests ?? and the ?? penetrates the sm. intestine and lives in muscle and develops into ??

A

enter fresh water for cycle to continue–>intermediate stages

infected water flea, perocercoid larva
pleurocercoid larva (infective stage for humans)
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24
Q

Diphyllobothrium latum infects humans when ??

D. latum absorbs ??? in human host and big one can cause ??

A

eating raw/undercooked fish with larva
cycle starts over

Vitamin B12–>megaloblastic anemia

25
Q

Hymenolepis nana (Dwarf tape worm) are ?? when pooped out

A

immediately infective

can’t survive more than 10 days in external environment

26
Q

H. nana eggs are eaten by ?? and develop into ?? which can ?? and develop into ?? in the small intestine

A 
an arthropod(beetle, flea) intermediate host? 
cysticercoids, can infect humans/rodents when eaten and dev. into adults in sm. intestine
27
Q

H. nana var. fraterna

A

infects rodents, arthropods as intermediate hosts

28
Q

H. nana eggs ingested via ??

and release their ?? which ?? and dev. into ??

A

contaminated food or water or feces-contam. hands

oncospears (hexacanth larvae) –> penetrate the intestinal villus and develop into cysticercoid larvae

29
Q

when the ?? rupture , the H. nana cystercercoids go back to the ?? and do what ??

A

villus
intestinal lumen, evaginate their scoleces, attach to intestinal mucosa and dev. into adults that live in the ileal portion of the sm. intestine producing gravid proglottis

30
Q

H. nana ?? are pooped out when release from proglottids through its ?? or when proglottids ?? in the sm. intestine

A

eggs
genital atrium
disintegrate

31
Q

alternatively, H. nana eggs release their ?? which penetrates the villus, continuing the ?? without passage through external environment
name of this cycle? which allows the infection to ??

A

hexacanth embryo
infective cycle

internal autoinfection, persists for years (vs 4-6 wks)

32
Q

Canid Echinococcus spp

E. granulosus causes a ?? produces eggs that are passed with ??

A

typical tapeworm inf.

dog poop

33
Q

in the intermediate host, E. granulosus eggs hatch into ?? that travel through blood and form ?? in host tissue
what organs?

how big??

A

oncosphere larvae
hydatid cysts
liver, brain, lungs, NOT subcutaneous tissue

size of a softball or basketball! and may contain sev. smaller “balloons” w. in main cyst
make inf. animals easier prey (i.e. moose)

34
Q

T. saginata risks/regions

A

beef
Central Asia, near East, Central and East Africa
alternative intermediate hosts (i.e. exotic animals besides cattle: llamas, giraffes, buffalo, etc.)

35
Q

T. solium risks/regions

A

pork
Mexico, Central and South America
also Southern Europe, Africa, SE Asia, India, Phillipines
-like everywhere

36
Q

D. latum risks/regions

A

fish
N. America, Siberia, Europe, Scandinavia, Baltics, Japan, Chile
alternative definitive hosts (besides humans): seals, cats, bears, minks, foxes, wolves, etc.)

37
Q

?? is the most commonly dx tapeworm inf. in the US

affects who most commonly??

transmitted how??

A

H. nana

school-aged, institutionalized kiddos in SE US (day care)
children in dry, warm regions of developing countries

fecal-oral, person-person may occur: think mt. range; it propagates

38
Q

Hymenlepis diminuta, mostly a cestode of ??
humans are (rarely) infected by ingesting mealworms/grain beetles that contain ??
in what foods??

A

rodents

cysticercoid larvae
dried grains, cereals, flour and dried fruit

39
Q

Eichinococcus spp. are cestodes that inhabit ??
?? are intermediate host
?? are at high risk

A

the small bowel of canids (dogs, wolves, foxes)
humans
sheepherders

40
Q

tapeworm inf. are typically ??

otherwise presentation:

A

asymptomatic
vague: GI discomfort, weakness, dizziness, salt craving, diarrhea
uncontrollable screaming (i.e. find proglottids of T. saginata in poop or on own)

41
Q

T. solium
symps assoc. with ?? depend on ??
most sev. if in ??

A

cysticercosis, worm burden and location

eye (blindness) or brain (neurocysticercosis: seizures-70%)

42
Q

where is neurocysticercosis prevalent??

A

Mexico, Central and South America

immigrant pop

43
Q

D. latum presentation

A

if large worm/several worms–>

pernicious-like anemia (vit B12 def)

44
Q

if Echinococcus (canine tape worm) cysts rupture, may cause ??

most serious complication that has a 90% fatality rate @ 10 yrs??

?? can happen in response to worm Ag suddenly release into circulation with cyst rupture

A

fever, pruritus, urticaria, eosinophilia, anaphylaxis

untx symptomatic liver involvement

erosion of surrounding tissue, systemic anaphylaxis (type 1 hypersensitive)–>mediated by elevated eosinophils and IgE

45
Q

dx cestodes (tapeworm) infection via finding

A

adult orgs in intestine, ova/proglottid in fecal sample

46
Q

dx cysticercosis imaging

A

CT and MRI may show calcified lesions in subarachnoid or intraventricular spaces
-but almost any brain/SC region could be affected

skeletal muscle encystment

47
Q

dx cysticercosis labs

A

blood: detect Abs to worm Ags- ELISA (definitive)

or dx if larvae are surgically removed

48
Q

intestinal tapeworm tx

A

Niclosamide: uncouples oxidative phos. in tapeworm
or
Praziquantel: interferes with adenosine uptake

49
Q

cysticercosis tx

A

Albendazole
(no anticonv. or dexameth interactions- given for CNS complaints)

use corticosteroids (dexamethasone) to reduce inflammation during tx

sx may be required

50
Q

Echinococcus dx

A

imaging (US, MRI, CT)

serology to comfirm (ELISA, Western blot)

51
Q

issues with cyst removal in Echinococcus tx

A

accidental rupture–>anaphylaxis
accidental spread of larvae–>daughter cysts
secondary bac infection

52
Q

Echinococcus tx

A

sx: aspiration and instillation of cysticidal agents and removal of cyst

albendazole, mebendazole
response depends on cyst size and location

53
Q

T. saginata ppx

A

cook beef, prev. human fecal contam of pastures

prolong deep freezing to kill cysticerci

54
Q

T. solium ppx

A

rare in US, typ. from Latin America, Asia
personal hygiene important for cysticercosis (self-inf or person-person)
mass tx w. praziquantel/niclosamide in endemic areas

55
Q

D. latum ppx

A

cook fish throughly

56
Q

Echinococcus ppx

A

de-worm/tx dogs
wash hands throughly
avoid unwashed/raw veggies where canines poop

57
Q

FLUKES (non-cestode): intestinal trematodes

infected how ??
what region ??

A

flat, hermaphroditic worms, few mm-cm
>40-50 mil ppl ww

food-borne
SE Asia

58
Q

most common Flukes/trematodes spp

A

Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophys
Metagonimus yokogawai
Echinostoma spp.

59
Q

Fluke infection presents like ??

A

a malabsorptive illness
eat environmentally incubated cysts (water chestnuts)
can’t put on muscle mass

Micro (61 decks)

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